The importance of a long-term energy policy and planning is highlighted. For this purpose, first the successful Brazilian case and its macroeconomic repercussions are analyzed, then the current situation of the Peruvian energy sector, and, finally, a summary of an energy policy proposal that contributes to Peru's sustainable development is presented. Previously, a brief digression is made to comment on the participation and contribution of economists and engineers in the energy sector.

A brief review is made of the main indicators of the distribution of wealth, employment, wages and inequality in the United States of America (USA) in the last decade, and the economic policy measures that have affected them and the role played by corporations and the powers of the State; then the opinions and reflections of experts, academics and heads of institutions linked to the American economy are presented; which allows us to draw some conclusions about the level of satisfaction of the Americans themselves with the economic model in force for nearly three decades.

In this paper we briefly review the Theory of Endogenous Economic Growth (ECG), based on the analysis of the precursor contribution of Paul Romer and other important researchers who have continued the development of this new current of thought that surpassed the stagnation suffered by the Theory of Economic Growth and made it possible for it to acquire new importance from the last decade.

In this essay a quick review of the crises of the reforms of the electricity sector in Latin America and particularly in Peru is carried out; the main factors of the same and the ineffectiveness of the Efficient Generation Law are identified, as well as the strong indications of market power. For the Peruvian electricity market –with predominant hydroelectric production and complete liberalization of the spot market– a Nash-Cournot intertemporal equilibrium model is presented, solved as a mixed complementarity problem, which allows a diagnosis of the existence of market power and the application of essential measures. for the adoption of regulatory policies. It also proposes transition measures to competition.

Globally there are demand projection models that serve as the basis for energy planning since the 1970s. However, as most of these models affected to developed countries such models must be evaluated, complemented and improved in order to identify the Methodologies that best adapt to the particularities of a developing country such as Peru and at the same time meet the challenges posed by current energy systems such as the emergence of disruptive technologies and an international context to combat climate change. The objective of this article is to define a model of projection of the demand of the residential sector by integrating the end-use models through the rotation of stocks and the substitution model through multicriteria evaluation, which was specially designed for developing countries. They have identified the factors of net present value, investment cost, presentation quality an...

In the last years at international level the interconnection of electrical markets is being carried out, which makes it possible to optimize the use of energy resources and improve the reliability of the systems. This process of electrical integration generates a redistribution of benefits among agents, which also generates new problems for coordination and regulation, so there is a need to design new regulation policies based on analysis of the impacts of market interconnection. cross-border The objective of this article is to improve the understanding of the effects that interconnection will have on parameters such as: the evolution of the electricity generation park in each electrical system, the incorporation of large hydroelectric power plants especially in countries that have water complementarity and incorporation of power plants based on non-conventional renewable energy resource...

Globally there are demand projection models that serve as the basis for energy planning since the 1970s. However, as most of these models affected to developed countries such models must be evaluated, complemented and improved in order to identify the Methodologies that best adapt to the particularities of a developing country such as Peru and at the same time meet the challenges posed by current energy systems such as the emergence of disruptive technologies and an international context to combat climate change. The objective of this article is to define a model of projection of the demand of the residential sector by integrating the end-use models through the rotation of stocks and the substitution model through multicriteria evaluation, which was specially designed for developing countries. They have identified the factors of net present value, investment cost, presentation quality an...

The electric transmission system is the infrastructure that allows the transfer of energy from the production points to the consumption centers. It has the characteristic of regulated natural monopoly. For efficiency and economic equity in the electricity market, it is necessary that both the electrical losses and the costs incurred in the transmission process be properly distributed among all the agents that make use of this system. That is why around the world a series of methodologies have been developed that allow the regulators of the electrical system to set the transmission rates that assure their owners to recover the costs incurred in the construction, operation and maintenance and allow the efficient development of the Long-term network. In this context, this article reviews the different methodologies for assigning electrical losses and transmission costs at national and inter...

The electric transmission system is the infrastructure that allows the transfer of energy from the production points to the consumption centers. It has the characteristic of regulated natural monopoly. For efficiency and economic equity in the electricity market, it is necessary that both the electrical losses and the costs incurred in the transmission process be properly distributed among all the agents that make use of this system. That is why around the world a series of methodologies have been developed that allow the regulators of the electrical system to set the transmission rates that assure their owners to recover the costs incurred in the construction, operation and maintenance and allow the efficient development of the Long-term network. In this context, this article reviews the different methodologies for assigning electrical losses and transmission costs at national and inter...