This thesis work is the applicative type we have made to the opt Professional Civil Engineering degree, in order to carry out a technical and scientific input and contribute to students of undergraduate training and likewise to solve a problem Local roads, which when run will allow for a stretch of highway that will contribute to the socioeconomic development of the beneficiary population. PROJECT LOCATION In a more explanatory way located in the San Martin region in the ubcuenca Valley Biavo the right bank of Huallaga Puerto Sangapilla where begins the stretch. Location: New World District: Under Biavo Province: Bellavista Department: San Martin. The stretch Puerto Sangapilla and New World Km. 0 + 000 to Km. 11 +000 said material has worn the tread uncompacted with a thickness of about 0.1 or 0.15 cm. In the stretches between 9 + 300 and 1 0 + 500 the stretch becomes critical in times o...

The aim of the present study was to determine the Dietary Cation-Anion Difference (DCAD) concentration in pre-partum diets from nine dairy farms of Lima and Trujillo, Peru. Feed and forage samples were analysed for sodium, potassium, chloride and sulphur in order to calculate DCAD values by mathematical formula. Similarly, urine samples were collected from 76 cows during the pre-partum period to evaluate the relationship between urinary pH and DCAD. The mean DCAD value was 6.62 ± 2.99 mEq/100 g DM for diets of dairy farms in Lima and 13.09 ± 5.36 mEq/100 g DM for diets of dairy farms in Trujillo. Urine pH mean was 7.7, ranging from 6.0 to 8.48. The correlation between DCAD and urine pH values was 0.331.

The aim of the present study was to determine the Dietary Cation-Anion Difference (DCAD) concentration in pre-partum diets from nine dairy farms of Lima and Trujillo, Peru. Feed and forage samples were analysed for sodium, potassium, chloride and sulphur in order to calculate DCAD values by mathematical formula. Similarly, urine samples were collected from 76 cows during the pre-partum period to evaluate the relationship between urinary pH and DCAD. The mean DCAD value was 6.62 ± 2.99 mEq/100 g DM for diets of dairy farms in Lima and 13.09 ± 5.36 mEq/100 g DM for diets of dairy farms in Trujillo. Urine pH mean was 7.7, ranging from 6.0 to 8.48. The correlation between DCAD and urine pH values was 0.331.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the uterine health of alpacas by endometrial cytology (EC) using the cytobrush and uterine lavage techniques, to evaluate the uterine characteristics by ultrasound (US) and to relate them to the pregnancy rate. Multiparous (n=20) and primiparous (20) Suri alpacas of 29 ± 5 days postpartum were used. The percentage of polymorphonuclear (PMN) was determined in relation to the total number of cells present in the EC samples. The uterine ecotexture, presence of uterine content and the diameter of the uterine horns were determined by ultrasonography. Subsequent to the uterine evaluation, controlled breeding was performed, and pregnancy diagnosis was done 35 days later by US. A higher percentage of PMN (p<0.05) was observed in endometrial cytology samples obtained with the cytobrush technique compared to uterine lavage. The uterine horns had a heteroge...

El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la salud uterina de alpacas por citología endometrial (CE) mediante las técnicas de citocepillo y lavado uterino, así como evaluar las características uterinas por ultrasonografía (US) y relacionarlas con la tasa de preñez. Se utilizaron 20 alpacas multíparas y 20 primíparas, de la raza Suri, de 29±5 días de posparto. Se determinó el porcentaje de polimorfonucleares (PMN) con relación al número total de células presentes en las muestras de CE. Con la ultrasonografía se determinó la ecotextura uterina, presencia de contenido uterino y el diámetro de los cuernos uterinos. Posterior a la evaluación uterina se realizó el empadre controlado y 35 días después el diagnóstico de preñez por US. Se observó un mayor porcentaje de PMN (p<0.05) en las muestras de citología endometrial obtenidas con la técnica del citocepillo en...

The aim of this study was to evaluated the impact of different fibre levels in alpaca diet on voluntary feed intake and apparent digestibility, and to estimate the digestibility of organic matter (OMD) from the content of crude protein (CP) in feces. The study was carried out with twelve alpacas (36.7 ± 6.4 kg body weight- BW), which were offered 4 treatments with different neutral detergent fiber content (NDF. T1: 40.3%; T2: 62%; T3: 68%; T4: 72%) under a switch back design. Absolute daily dry matter intake (DMI) was higher for T1 (678 g/d) than T4 (312 g/d) (p ≥ 005). NDF intake was similar between treatments when related to BW or MW (on average 1% BW and 22 g/kg MW. p ≥ 0.05). Water intake (L/kg DMI) was higher in T1 compared to the other treatments, with values ranging from 2.9 L/kg DMI(T1) to 2.8 L/kg DMI(T4), respectively (p ≤ 0.05). Digestibility of dry matt...