Understanding the immune response to infection or vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 has become a key objective for the understanding of the disease, its progression, and protection against future infections or possible new variants that may emerge of the virus. The aim of the present review is to focus on the relevance of the cellular immune response and to summarize the different methodologies described for the study of this memory T-cell-related response, either after exposure to the virus or vaccination against SARS-CoV-2. For this purpose, cell proliferation assays (CFSE, 3H-thymidine), cell typing methods (flow cytometry), immunological assays based on the measurement of cytokines (ELISA, ELISPOT, suspension multiplex) and analysis of genes related to cellular immunity by molecular techniques (RT-qPCR or qPCR and sequencing) have been included.

Understanding the immune response to infection or vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 has become a key objective for the understanding of the disease, its progression, and protection against future infections or possible new variants that may emerge of the virus. The aim of the present review is to focus on the relevance of the cellular immune response and to summarize the different methodologies described for the study of this memory T-cell-related response, either after exposure to the virus or vaccination against SARS-CoV-2. For this purpose, cell proliferation assays (CFSE, 3H-thymidine), cell typing methods (flow cytometry), immunological assays based on the measurement of cytokines (ELISA, ELISPOT, suspension multiplex) and analysis of genes related to cellular immunity by molecular techniques (RT-qPCR or qPCR and sequencing) have been included.

Stem cell therapy in dogs has increased considerably in recent years; however, there are few publications on the treatment of perianal fistulas (PF) in this species. The aim of this open-label clinical trial was to demonstrate the efficacy and safety of a new protocol for the in situ administration of low-dose adipose-derived allogeneic stem cells (ASCs) for the treatment of refractory spontaneous perianal fistula. The methodology consisted of applying one to three doses of 5 × 106 cryopreserved allogeneic ASCs to each fistula. The study was performed in 14 dogs regardless of sex, breed, or age, with a clinical diagnosis of refractory PF. Cells diluted in phosphate-buffered saline were applied to five sites of the PF in an amount of 1 × 106 per application site. Efficacy was determined by the complete closure of the fistula, which was observed in 100% of the cases studied one month aft...