Ultrasound has demostrated to be a great source of energy and it has shown its utility In organic synthesis and other technological areas. At the present, most of the research in this areas are driving towards the study of degradatlon of chemical pollutants from wastewater or efluents. In this artlcle we describe the fundamental aspects of sonochemistry and its difierent applicatlons, putting special emphasis on those related to the degradatlon of most important organic pollutants.

Ultrasound has demostrated to be a great source of energy and it has shown its utility In organic synthesis and other technological areas. At the present, most of the research in this areas are driving towards the study of degradatlon of chemical pollutants from wastewater or efluents. In this artlcle we describe the fundamental aspects of sonochemistry and its difierent applicatlons, putting special emphasis on those related to the degradatlon of most important organic pollutants.

The Gaussian dispersion model PTC is applied to simulate the atmospheric dispersion of S02 produced by a chimney of 20 m height and 0.7 m in diameter at the Thermal Power Tintaya (Cusco) continuously ejected environmental S02 261 461 mg / sa 17.2 m / s. The model evaluates the distance of maximum concentration at ground level to 750 m from the source and the average concentration of 3.06 mg place S02/m3

The Gaussian dispersion model PTC is applied to simulate the atmospheric dispersion of S02 produced by a chimney of 20 m height and 0.7 m in diameter at the Thermal Power Tintaya (Cusco) continuously ejected environmental S02 261 461 mg / sa 17.2 m / s. The model evaluates the distance of maximum concentration at ground level to 750 m from the source and the average concentration of 3.06 mg place S02/m3

To study the permeability of oxygen through a membrane of silver (thickness 0.13 mm) and the definition of parameters, it has designed and constructed a reactor formed by a cone silver membrane inserted into a cylindrical glass tube borosilicate. This assembly is assembled within a cylindrical thermostated oven electronically. The membrane reactor was conentado to an oxygen tank, and two peristaltic pump mercury manometer, enabling control of inflow of methanol, the temperature and internal pressure and desorption of the permeated oxygen. With this device have been performed subsequent studies of oxidative reactions in primary alcohols.

In the context of atmospheric chemistry, two reactions radical-molecule of hydrogen abstraction have been studied. These are the OH' and NO3: radical (oxidizers agents in the troposphere) with formaldehyde in gas-phase. The calculations were carried out using the PM3 and <>. Ab initio methods of the UHF type. The results have allowed us to estimate the corresponding times of tropospheric permanency and the implications of these reactions in the removal of forrnaldehyde and similars from the low atmosphere.

By simulation with the Molecular Dynamics method and the thermal temper technique, the more stablegeometric structures and their respective energy were determined in the Nin Alm (n + m = 13)nanoclusters. The atomic interaction in the cluster was modelized with the Embeded Atom Method (EAM)(the Voter & Chen version). The most stable geometric structures of the cluster and their minimal energywere obtained from 200 generating spatial coordinates along the high energy path. The initial internalenergy is higher than the melting temperature of the cluster. The thermal temper technique was neededto remove slowly the internal kinetic energy from the clusters. The more stable clusters have a regularicosahedral geometrical structure.

To study the permeability of oxygen through a membrane of silver (thickness 0.13 mm) and the definition of parameters, it has designed and constructed a reactor formed by a cone silver membrane inserted into a cylindrical glass tube borosilicate. This assembly is assembled within a cylindrical thermostated oven electronically. The membrane reactor was conentado to an oxygen tank, and two peristaltic pump mercury manometer, enabling control of inflow of methanol, the temperature and internal pressure and desorption of the permeated oxygen. With this device have been performed subsequent studies of oxidative reactions in primary alcohols.

In the context of atmospheric chemistry, two reactions radical-molecule of hydrogen abstraction have been studied. These are the OH' and NO3: radical (oxidizers agents in the troposphere) with formaldehyde in gas-phase. The calculations were carried out using the PM3 and <>. Ab initio methods of the UHF type. The results have allowed us to estimate the corresponding times of tropospheric permanency and the implications of these reactions in the removal of forrnaldehyde and similars from the low atmosphere.

Mediante la simulación con el método de Dinámica Molecular y la técnica del temple térmico se han determinado las estructuras geométricas más estables, y sus respectivas energías, de los nanoclusters de NinAlm (n + m = 13). La interacción entre los átomos del cluster se modela mediante el método del potencial del átomo insertado (EAM), en la versión de Voter y Chen. Las estructuras geométricas más estables de los clusters y sus energías mínimas fueron obtenidas a partir de 200 coordenadas del espacio de fases generadoras a lo largo de las trayectorias de altas energías. La energía interna inicial es superior a la temperatura de fusión de los clusters. Se utiliza la técnica del temple térmico con la finalidad de remover lentamente la energía cinética interna de los clusters. Los nanoclusters más estables poseen una estructura geométrica de icosaedro regular.

The electronic energy and geometric parameters have been calculated, for the Phthalocyanine (Pc), Naphthalocyanine (Nc), Anthracenocyanine (Anc), ZnPc, ZnNc, ZnAnc, CuPc, CuNc and CuAnc. Obtained the results with Hartree-Fock (RHF/6-31G *) calculations show that certain correlation exists between the size of the system p-extended and the distances of the internal cavity. A minimum variation of the dihedral angles exists showing in general a planar tendency in all the structures.

Se han calculado las energías electrónicas y parámetros geométricos para la Ftalocianina (Pc), Naftalocianina (Nc), Antracenocianina (Anc), ZnPc, ZnNc, ZnAnc, CuPc, CuNc y CuAnc. Los resultados obtenidos con cálculos Hartree-Fock (RHF/6-31G*) muestran que existe cierta correlación entre el tamaño del sistema p-extendido y las distancias de la cavidad interna. Existe una variación mínima de los ángulos diedros, manteniéndose en general una tendencia planar en todas las estructuras.

Residual commercial polystyrene samples (PScr) have been undergone to thermal decomposition processes between 433 hand 673 K (160 at 400 °C). The analyses of the distilled have confirmed that PS has been transformed into styrene with a yield from 45 to 60%. The monomer obtained has been polymerized in suspension using benzoyl peroxide like initiator and divinylbenzene (DVB) in proportions of 2, 6 and 10%. The obtained microspheres of copolymer (PS-DVB) have been sulfonated. After characterization, the results showed that 6% of DVB, presents similar characteristic than the commercial strongly acid cationic exchange resin Sybron Chemicals Inc. Ionac ® C-249.

Muestras de poliestireno comercial residual (PScr) se han sometido a procesos de descomposición térmica entre 433 a 673 K (160 a 400 °C). Los análisis del destilado han confirmado que el PS ha sido transformado a estireno con un rendimiento entre el 45 al 60%. El monómero obtenido se ha polimerizado en suspensión usando peróxido de benzoilo como iniciador y divinilbenceno (DVB) en proporciones de 2, 6 y 10%. Las microesferas obtenidas del copolímero (PS-DVB) han sido sulfonadas. El resultado, después de la caracterización, fue aquel del 6% de DVB presenta características similares a las de la resina comercial de intercambio catiónico fuertemente ácida Sybron Chemicals Inc. Ionac ® C-249.