Cacao is a commodity crop from the tropics cultivated by about 6 million smallholder farmers. The tree, Theobroma cacao, originated in the Upper Amazon where it was domesticated ca. 5450 to 5300 B.P. From this center of origin, cacao was dispersed and cultivated in Mesoamerica as early as 3800 to 3000 B.P. After the European conquest of the Americas (the 1500s), cacao cultivation intensified in several loci, primarily Mesoamerica, Trinidad, Venezuela, and Ecuador. It was during the colonial period that cacao diseases began emerging as threats to production. One early example is the collapse of the cacao industry in Trinidad in the 1720s, attributed to an unknown disease referred to as the “blast”. Trinidad would resurface as a production center due to the discovery of the Trinitario genetic group, which is still widely used in breeding programs around the world. However, a resurgence...

It is common for media messages to show the family since the crisis that this institution is experiencing. It is often conceived not as the place where the person is loved on his own, but as the "power struggles" between his members, especially between woman and man. With the documentary method - bibliographic study - of the conceptual analysis, this paper seeks to clarify some essential elements of the relationships within the family -in order to contribute to a better communication of the family reality- specifically those related to woman and man. From the systemic -non-analytical- methodical proposal of Leonardo Polo, it is proposed that there are three characteristics of this relationship -reciprocity, complementarity, co-responsibility- that have to be studied in their mutual internal connection to understand intrafamily dynamism. In this way it is possible to communicate effective...

Interculturality, as an idea and as a fact, so present since the last decades of the last century, because of the increasing domestic and international migrations worldwide, entails conceptions which come to be too diverse as the prevailing cultures at the regions of exchange. These differences favor some viewpoints and political interests, disregarding others. This obstructs the generation of shared mainstream. And Latin America holds a singular position therein.

The Cuajone porphyry copper-molybdenum deposit is located in the South-West of Peru, in the province of Moquegua (Torata district). It is operated by the company Southern Peru Copper Corporation and began its operations in 1976. The deposit belongs to the Metallogenetic Belt number XIII of Peru (Acosta et al., 2011). The mine has reserves of 1,883,081 Mt @ 0.503% Cu and 0.018% Mo (Cuajone Mine Geology, 2018). The operation has a plant capacity of approximately 100 kt/day of mineralized rock. The average metallurgical recovery of copper varies by lithological unit from 81.59% in the IA FIL PTK (IA porphyry with potassic-phyllic alteration) to 85.7% in the LP QS (LP porphyry with phyllic-argillic alteration). The recovery parameter is very important economically because if it was greater in 1% just in the BA PTK unit with a tonnage of 40 kt processed per day in the plant (usual for this su...

The Cuajone porphyry copper-molybdenum deposit is located in the South-West of Peru, in the province of Moquegua (Torata district). It is operated by the company Southern Peru Copper Corporation and began its operations in 1976. The deposit belongs to the Metallogenetic Belt number XIII of Peru (Acosta et al., 2011). The mine has reserves of 1,883,081 Mt @ 0.503% Cu and 0.018% Mo (Cuajone Mine Geology, 2018). The operation has a plant capacity of approximately 100 kt/day of mineralized rock. The average metallurgical recovery of copper varies by lithological unit from 81.59% in the IA FIL PTK (IA porphyry with potassic-phyllic alteration) to 85.7% in the LP QS (LP porphyry with phyllic-argillic alteration). The recovery parameter is very important economically because if it was greater in 1% just in the BA PTK unit with a tonnage of 40 kt processed per day in the plant (usual for this su...