The civil war is the most drastic form of social conflict and therefore it is to be expected that in the documents that have arisen in relation to it, the reflection of the social differences perceived by its participants will be the most complete. Already in 1972, I formulated a hypothesis about the coexistence of four parallel hierarchies, hierarchies of castes, estates, cultures and classes (social layers). It is assumed that the levels of the four hierarchies were named in a similar way, or even in the same way, and therefore the existence of several hierarchies can be recognized only when one and the same person is named simultaneously with different terms, e.g.: rancher, Indian, Spanish, cholo.

The growing visibility of violence in schools has caused multiple demands to know their condition in our societies. Given this, the conceptual, analytical and methodological challenges faced between those engaged in their empirical research are evident. However, many of those who face these challenges do not analyze the parallel processes that are configured as the research progresses. This is the case of changes about the role of students in this collective effort. The objective of this document is to analyze the advances and dilemmas of the empirical research on violence in Mexico, focusing on the implications derived from the legitimization of the voices of children and adolescents. This analysis based on the specialized literature on school violence and the voices of students, warns that although studies that conceive these populations as individuals capable of providing data on this...