Microbial Synergy Between Azospirillum brasilense and Glomus iranicum Promotes Root Biomass and Grain Yield in Andean Quinoa Cultivars

• Autores: Gutierrez, Miriam, Quispe Medina, Eugenia Rocio, García Blásquez Morote, Cayo, Quispe Tenorio, José Antonio, Cántaro Segura, Héctor Baroni, Díaz Morales, Luis Alberto, Marsusaka Quiliano, Daniel Claudio
• Formato: artículo
• Fecha de Publicación: 2026
• Institución: Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria
• Repositorio: INIA-Institucional
• Lenguaje: inglés
• OAI Identifier: oai:repositorio.inia.gob.pe:20.500.12955/3001
• Enlace del recurso: http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12955/3001; https://doi.org/10.3390/applmicrobiol6010012
• Nivel de acceso: acceso abierto
• Materia: Azospirillum brasilense; Glomus iranicum; Quinoa; Andean highlands; Bioinoculantr; Root architecture; Grain yield; Genotype × inoculant interaction; Quinua; Altiplano andino; Bioinoculante; Arquitectura radicular; Rendimiento de grano; Interacción genotipo × inóculo; https://purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#4.04.01; Chenopodium quinoa; Biofertilizante; Biofertilizers; Inoculación; Inoculation; Rendimiento de cultivos; Crop yield

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a strategic crop for climate-smart agriculture in the Andes, yet yield gains are constrained by soil degradation and low-input systems. We tested whether synergistic bioinoculation with a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium (Azospirillum brasilense) and an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (Glomus iranicum var. tenuihypharum) enhances root function and grain productivity under field conditions. A split-plot RCBD was conducted in Ayacucho, Peru (2735 m a.s.l.) using four cultivars, Blanca de Junín (BJ), INIA 441 Señor del Huerto (SH), INIA 415 Pasankalla (RP) and INIA 420 Negra Collana (NC) and four treatments: uninoculated control, Azospirillum, Glomus and co-inoculation. Vegetative, root and yield traits were quantified; ANOVA, Tukey/Dunnett contrasts, correlations and PCA were applied. Co-inoculation consistently outperformed single inoculants, increasing root diameter, length, branching, dry weight and volume dry weight, while also enlarging panicle dimensions and raising grain weight per panicle and thousand-seed weight. Grain yield reached 4.94 ± 0.59 t ha⁻¹ under co-inoculation, almost triple that of the control (1.71 ± 0.28 t ha⁻¹) and about 1.5 times higher than single inoculations. Genotypic effects were pronounced; BJ and SH combined superior root biomass with higher yield, RP maximized grain size and hectoliter weight, whereas NC responded weakly. Significant genotype × treatment interactions indicated cultivar-dependent microbiome benefits. Correlation and PCA linked root biomass and stem/panicle architecture to yield formation, positioning co-inoculation along trait vectors associated with belowground vigor and productivity. These results demonstrate a robust microbial synergy that translates root gains into yield, supporting co-inoculation as a scalable, low-input strategy for sustainable intensification of quinoa in highland agroecosystems.