Analysis of the existence of a culture of organizational listening, from managers in the multi-store sector in Chile

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Communication in organizations is becoming more complex every day since the reality of companies acquires a physiognomy, which demands greater responsibility from them, at the same time as a more efficient and committed management with the public with whom it interacts and a relationship with them i...

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Autor: Claro, Cecilia
Formato: artículo
Fecha de Publicación:2021
Institución:Universidad de Piura
Repositorio:Revista UDEP - Revista de Comunicación
Lenguaje:español
OAI Identifier:oai:revistas.udep.edu.pe:article/2146
Enlace del recurso:https://revistadecomunicacion.com/article/view/2146
Nivel de acceso:acceso abierto
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dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Analysis of the existence of a culture of organizational listening, from managers in the multi-store sector in Chile
Análisis de la existencia de una cultura de la escucha organizacional, desde los directivos en el sector multitiendas en Chile
title Analysis of the existence of a culture of organizational listening, from managers in the multi-store sector in Chile
spellingShingle Analysis of the existence of a culture of organizational listening, from managers in the multi-store sector in Chile
Claro, Cecilia
title_short Analysis of the existence of a culture of organizational listening, from managers in the multi-store sector in Chile
title_full Analysis of the existence of a culture of organizational listening, from managers in the multi-store sector in Chile
title_fullStr Analysis of the existence of a culture of organizational listening, from managers in the multi-store sector in Chile
title_full_unstemmed Analysis of the existence of a culture of organizational listening, from managers in the multi-store sector in Chile
title_sort Analysis of the existence of a culture of organizational listening, from managers in the multi-store sector in Chile
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Claro, Cecilia
author Claro, Cecilia
author_facet Claro, Cecilia
author_role author
dc.description.none.fl_txt_mv Communication in organizations is becoming more complex every day since the reality of companies acquires a physiognomy, which demands greater responsibility from them, at the same time as a more efficient and committed management with the public with whom it interacts and a relationship with them it has a more permanent character. It is in this understanding that organizational listening becomes a necessary intangible to work on them, since it is necessary to understand in a better and more direct way what are the requirements of the public with whom they interact and generate links, what is it constitutes an important dimension of company management. The purpose of this study is to know the perceptions about whether organizational listening processes are being carried out in the retail sector in Chile and whether a culture that encourages its execution has been adopted. For this purpose, executives working in the areas of marketing, communications and people management are interviewed, questionnaires are carried out and official documents are analyzed in order to know the state of the matter in order to know the state of the matter and if effective listening has positive consequences for organizations.
La comunicación en las organizaciones se torna cada día más compleja dado que la realidad de las empresas adquiere una fisonomía, que exige de ellas una mayor responsabilidad, al mismo tiempo que una gestión más eficiente y comprometida con los públicos con los que interactúa y una relación con ellos que tiene un carácter más permanente. Es en este entendido que la escucha organizacional se torna como un intangible necesario de trabajar en ellas, ya que se requiere entender de mejor modo y de forma más directa cuáles son los requerimientos de los públicos con los que interactúan, generar vínculos y adaptarse, lo que se constituye como una dimensión importante de la gestión de las compañías. El propósito de este estudio es conocer las percepciones de ejecutivos acerca de si se está realizando procesos de escucha organizacional en el sector retail en Chile y si se ha adoptado una cultura que propicie la ejecución de ella. Con este fin se entrevista directivos que trabajan en las áreas de marketing, comunicaciones y dirección de personas, se realizan cuestionarios y análisis de documentos oficiales con el fin de conocer el estado de la cuestión y si la escucha efectiva tiene consecuencias positivas para las organizaciones
description Communication in organizations is becoming more complex every day since the reality of companies acquires a physiognomy, which demands greater responsibility from them, at the same time as a more efficient and committed management with the public with whom it interacts and a relationship with them it has a more permanent character. It is in this understanding that organizational listening becomes a necessary intangible to work on them, since it is necessary to understand in a better and more direct way what are the requirements of the public with whom they interact and generate links, what is it constitutes an important dimension of company management. The purpose of this study is to know the perceptions about whether organizational listening processes are being carried out in the retail sector in Chile and whether a culture that encourages its execution has been adopted. For this purpose, executives working in the areas of marketing, communications and people management are interviewed, questionnaires are carried out and official documents are analyzed in order to know the state of the matter in order to know the state of the matter and if effective listening has positive consequences for organizations.
publishDate 2021
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2021-08-03
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/*ref*/Apolo, D., Báez, V., Pauker, L., & Pasquel, G. (2017). Gestión de Comunicación Corporativa: consideraciones para el abordaje de su estudio y práctica. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, (72), 521-539. Banco Mundial. (2020). Comercio de Mercaderías (% del PIB). https://datos.bancomundial.org/indicador/TG.VAL.TOTL.GD.ZS Barbour, J. B. (2017). Listening and Organizing. The International Encyclopedia of Organizational Communication, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118955567.wbieoc126 Borner, M & Zerfass, A. (2018). The Power of Listening in Corporate Communications: Theoretical Foundations of Corporate Listening as a Strategic Mode of Communication. Public Relations and the Power of Creativity (Advances in Public Relations and Communication Management. Vol 3). Emerald Publishing Limited. 3-22. https://doi.org/10.1108/S2398-391420180000003001 Botan, C.H., & Taylor, M. (2004). Publics relations: State of the field. Journal of Communication, 54(4), 645–661. https//doi.org/ 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2004.tb02649.x Brownell, J. (2008). Exploring the strategic ground for listening and organizational effectiveness. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 8(3), 211-229. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 15022250802305295 Bryman, A. (2012). Social Research Methods. Oxford University Press. Burgos Romero, C. (2018). La Responsabilidad Social o sostenibilidad: un enfoque desde el entorno y la comunicación. RETOS. Revista de Ciencias de la Administración y Economía, 8(16), 47-59. Burnside-Lawry, J. (2012). Listening and participatory communication: A model to assess organization listening competency. International Journal of Listening, 26(2), 102-121. https://doi.org/10.1080/10904018.2012.678092 Bussey, N. (2010). Dialogue as a basis for stakeholder engagement: Defining and measuring the core competencies. In R.L Heath (Ed.), The SAGE Handbook of Public relations 127-144, Sage. Claro, C. (2019). La escucha organizacional: una propuesta conceptual. Anagramas Rumbos y Sentidos de la Comunicación, 17(34), 239-253. https://doi.org/10.22395/angr.v17n34a12 Corbetta, P. (2007). Metodología y Técnicas de Investigación Social. Mc Graw Hill. Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1994) Introduction: Entering the Field of Qualitative Research en Denzin, N. K., Lincoln (eds.) Handbook of Qualitative Research. California: Sage. Falkheimer, J., & Heide, M. (2018). Strategic Communication: an introduction. Routledge. Flynn, J., Valikoski, T. R., & Grau, J. (2008). Listening in the business context: Reviewing the state of research. The International. Journal of Listening, 22(2), 141-151. https://doi.org/10.1080/10904010802174800 Gilchrist, J. A., & Van Hoeven, S. A. (2012). Listening as an organizational construct. International Listening Association. Journal, 8(1), 6-30. https://doi.org/10.1080/10904018.1994.10499129 Gremler, D. D., & Gwinner, K. P. (2008). Rapport-building behaviors used by retail employees. Journal of Retailing, 84(3), 308-324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretai.2008.07.001 Gutiérrez-García E; Recalde, M. &, & Piñera-Camacho, A. (2015). Reinventing the wheel? A comparative overview of the concept of dialogue. Public Relations review, 41, 744–753. Gutiérrez-García, E. (2010). Dimensión comunicativa del buen gobierno empresarial. Revista Empresa y Humanismo, XIII(2/10), 149–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2015.06.006 Grunig, J., & Hunt, T. (1984). Managing public relations. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers. Heath, R. L., Pearce, W. B., Shotter, J., Taylor, J. R., Kersten, A., Zorn, T., Deetz, S. (2006). The process of dialogue. Management Communication Quartely. 19(3), 341–375. https://doi.org/10.1177/0893318905282208 Hernández Sampieri, R., Fernández Collado, C., & Baptista Lucio, P. (2010). Metodología de la investigación. Mc Graw Hill. Hoyt, J., & Gerloff, E. A. (1999). Organizational environment, changing economic conditions, and the effective supervision of technical personnel: A management challenge. The Journal of High Technology Management Research, 10(2), 275-293. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1047-8310(99)00014-0 Hunt, G. T., & Cusella, L. P. (1983). A field study of listening needs in organizations. Communication Education, 32(4), 393-401. https://doi.org/10.1080/03634528309378560 Itani, O. S., Goad, E. A., & Jaramillo, F. (2019). Building customer relationships while achieving sales performance results: Is listening the holy grail of sales? Journal of Business Research, 102, 120-130. Janakiraman, N., Bullemore, J., Valenzuela-Fernández, L., & Jaramillo, J. F. (2019). Listening and perseverance–two sides to a coin in quality evaluations. Journal of Consumer Marketing. Johnston, M. K., Reed, K., & Lawrence, K. (2011). Team listening environment (TLE) scale: Development and validation. Journal of Business Communication, 48, 3–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021943610385655 Journée, R., & Weber, M. (2017). Co-creation of experiences in retail: Opportunity to innovate in retail business. In Managing Complexity, 391-404, Springer, Cham. Macnamara, J. (2020). Embracing evaluation theory to overcome “stasis”: Informing standards, impact and methodology. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 25(2), 339-354. Macnamara, J. (2019). Explicating listening in organization-public communication: Theory, practices, technologies. International Journal of Communication. Macnamara, J. (2016). Organizational listening. The Missing Essential in Public Communication. Peter Lang Publishing. Macnamara, J. (2015). Creating an ‘architecture of listening’ in organizations: The basis of engagement, trust, healthy democracy, social equity, and business sustainability. Sydney, NSW, University of Technology. Macnamara, J. (2014). Organizational listening: A vital missing element in public communication and the public sphere. Asia Pacific Public Relations Journal, 15(1), 89-108. Moreno, Á., Khalil, N., & Gómez, M. D. P. (2018). La escucha organizacional como estrategia de comunicación. Análisis de su gestión en España/The organizational listening as a communication strategy. Analysis of its management in Spain. Revista internacional de relaciones públicas, 8(15), 197-214. Palmatiere, R., Rajiv P.D, Dhruv G & Kenneth E. (2006). Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Relationship Marketing: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Marketing. 70 (October), 136–153. Palmatiere, R. (2008). Relationship Marketing. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Marketing Science Institute. Portales, J. C., & Alcaíno, J. C. (2018). El rol del Big data como herramienta de comunicación estratégica y construcción de reputación en Chile. Revista ComHumanitas, 9(2), 66-84. Purdy, M. W., & Manning, L. M. (2015). Listening in the multicultural workplace: A dialogue of theory and practice. International Journal of Listening, 29(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/10904018.2014.942492 Randall, D. (2020) The Current State of Corporate Voice of the Consumer Programs: A Study of Organizational Listening Practices and Effectiveness, International Journal of Listening,34(3), 156-177. http:// 10.1080/10904018.2018.1482747 Rojas, G. (2017). Entre la conversación y el diálogo: algunos aspectos para la escucha. Enunciación, 22(2), 189-201. Romero-Rodríguez, L. M., & Castillo-Abdul, B. (2019). Comunicación para la motivación. Claves de la asertividad y del trabajo en equipo en las organizaciones. R. Ravina-Ripoll, LB Tobar Pesántez y E. Nuñez Barriopedro (Coords.), Happiness Management and Creativity in the XXI Century. Intangible capitals as a source of innovation, competitiveness and sustainable development, 41-54. Schein, E. (2010). Organizational culture and leadership (4rd ed.). Jossey-Bass. Schein, E. (1993). On dialogue, culture, and organizational learning. Organizational dynamics, 22(2), 40-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/0090-2616(93)90052-3 Schein, E. (1992). Organizational culture and leadership. Jossey-Bass. Strandberg, L. (2010). El compromiso con los grupos de interés. Cuadernos de la Cátedra “la Caixa” de Responsabilidad Social de la Empresa y Gobierno Corporativo (N°10), 14-17. Susanne, T. & Ellerup, A. (2011). Strategic stakeholder dialogues: a discursive perspective on relationship building. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, Vol. 16 No. 3, 204-217. https://doi.org/10.1108/13563281111156871 Taylor M & Kent, M. (2014). Dialogic Engagement: Clarifying Foundational Concepts. Journal of Public Relations Research, 26(5), 384–398. https://doi.org/10.1080/1062726X.2014.956106 Theunissen, P. &, & Noordin, W. (2012). Revisiting the concept “dialogue” in public relations. Public Relations review, 38(1), 5–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2011.09.006 Trenholm, S., & Jensen, A. (2008). Interpersonal communication. Oxford University Press. Welch, S. A., & Mickelson, W. T. (2013). A listening competence comparison of working professionals. International Journal of Listening, 27(2), 85-99. https://doi.org/10.1080/10904018.2013.783344 Worthington, D., & Fitch-Hauser, M. (2018). Listening Processes, Functions, and Competency. Routledge. Yang, S & Kang, M. (2015). A Study on Dialogic Communication, Trust, and Distrust: Testing a Scale for Measuring Organization–Public Dialogic Communication (OPDC). Journal of Public Relations Research, 27, 175–192. https://doi.org/10.1080/1062726X.2015.1007998 Villagra N; López B & Monfort A. (2015). La gestión de intangibles y la marca corporativa: ¿ha cambiado algo en la relación entre las empresas y la sociedad? Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, 70, 793–812. https://doi.org/ 10.4185/RLCS-2015-1072
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spelling Analysis of the existence of a culture of organizational listening, from managers in the multi-store sector in ChileAnálisis de la existencia de una cultura de la escucha organizacional, desde los directivos en el sector multitiendas en ChileClaro, CeciliaCommunication in organizations is becoming more complex every day since the reality of companies acquires a physiognomy, which demands greater responsibility from them, at the same time as a more efficient and committed management with the public with whom it interacts and a relationship with them it has a more permanent character. It is in this understanding that organizational listening becomes a necessary intangible to work on them, since it is necessary to understand in a better and more direct way what are the requirements of the public with whom they interact and generate links, what is it constitutes an important dimension of company management. The purpose of this study is to know the perceptions about whether organizational listening processes are being carried out in the retail sector in Chile and whether a culture that encourages its execution has been adopted. For this purpose, executives working in the areas of marketing, communications and people management are interviewed, questionnaires are carried out and official documents are analyzed in order to know the state of the matter in order to know the state of the matter and if effective listening has positive consequences for organizations.La comunicación en las organizaciones se torna cada día más compleja dado que la realidad de las empresas adquiere una fisonomía, que exige de ellas una mayor responsabilidad, al mismo tiempo que una gestión más eficiente y comprometida con los públicos con los que interactúa y una relación con ellos que tiene un carácter más permanente. Es en este entendido que la escucha organizacional se torna como un intangible necesario de trabajar en ellas, ya que se requiere entender de mejor modo y de forma más directa cuáles son los requerimientos de los públicos con los que interactúan, generar vínculos y adaptarse, lo que se constituye como una dimensión importante de la gestión de las compañías. El propósito de este estudio es conocer las percepciones de ejecutivos acerca de si se está realizando procesos de escucha organizacional en el sector retail en Chile y si se ha adoptado una cultura que propicie la ejecución de ella. Con este fin se entrevista directivos que trabajan en las áreas de marketing, comunicaciones y dirección de personas, se realizan cuestionarios y análisis de documentos oficiales con el fin de conocer el estado de la cuestión y si la escucha efectiva tiene consecuencias positivas para las organizacionesUniversidad de Piura. Facultad de Comunicación2021-08-03info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionArticle evaluated by pairstextArtículo evaluado por parestextoapplication/pdftext/htmlapplication/xmlhttps://revistadecomunicacion.com/article/view/214610.26441/RC20.1-2021-A4Revista de Comunicación; Vol 20 No 1 (2021); 67-84Revista de Comunicación; Vol. 20 Núm. 1 (2021); 67-842227-14651684-0933reponame:Revista UDEP - Revista de Comunicacióninstname:Universidad de Piurainstacron:UDEPspahttps://revistadecomunicacion.com/article/view/2146/1989https://revistadecomunicacion.com/article/view/2146/2010https://revistadecomunicacion.com/article/view/2146/2011/*ref*/Apolo, D., Báez, V., Pauker, L., & Pasquel, G. (2017). Gestión de Comunicación Corporativa: consideraciones para el abordaje de su estudio y práctica. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, (72), 521-539. Banco Mundial. (2020). Comercio de Mercaderías (% del PIB). https://datos.bancomundial.org/indicador/TG.VAL.TOTL.GD.ZS Barbour, J. B. (2017). Listening and Organizing. The International Encyclopedia of Organizational Communication, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118955567.wbieoc126 Borner, M & Zerfass, A. (2018). The Power of Listening in Corporate Communications: Theoretical Foundations of Corporate Listening as a Strategic Mode of Communication. Public Relations and the Power of Creativity (Advances in Public Relations and Communication Management. Vol 3). Emerald Publishing Limited. 3-22. https://doi.org/10.1108/S2398-391420180000003001 Botan, C.H., & Taylor, M. (2004). Publics relations: State of the field. Journal of Communication, 54(4), 645–661. https//doi.org/ 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2004.tb02649.x Brownell, J. (2008). Exploring the strategic ground for listening and organizational effectiveness. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 8(3), 211-229. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 15022250802305295 Bryman, A. (2012). Social Research Methods. Oxford University Press. Burgos Romero, C. (2018). La Responsabilidad Social o sostenibilidad: un enfoque desde el entorno y la comunicación. RETOS. Revista de Ciencias de la Administración y Economía, 8(16), 47-59. Burnside-Lawry, J. (2012). Listening and participatory communication: A model to assess organization listening competency. International Journal of Listening, 26(2), 102-121. https://doi.org/10.1080/10904018.2012.678092 Bussey, N. (2010). Dialogue as a basis for stakeholder engagement: Defining and measuring the core competencies. In R.L Heath (Ed.), The SAGE Handbook of Public relations 127-144, Sage. Claro, C. (2019). La escucha organizacional: una propuesta conceptual. Anagramas Rumbos y Sentidos de la Comunicación, 17(34), 239-253. https://doi.org/10.22395/angr.v17n34a12 Corbetta, P. (2007). Metodología y Técnicas de Investigación Social. Mc Graw Hill. Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1994) Introduction: Entering the Field of Qualitative Research en Denzin, N. K., Lincoln (eds.) Handbook of Qualitative Research. California: Sage. Falkheimer, J., & Heide, M. (2018). Strategic Communication: an introduction. Routledge. Flynn, J., Valikoski, T. R., & Grau, J. (2008). Listening in the business context: Reviewing the state of research. The International. Journal of Listening, 22(2), 141-151. https://doi.org/10.1080/10904010802174800 Gilchrist, J. A., & Van Hoeven, S. A. (2012). Listening as an organizational construct. International Listening Association. Journal, 8(1), 6-30. https://doi.org/10.1080/10904018.1994.10499129 Gremler, D. D., & Gwinner, K. P. (2008). Rapport-building behaviors used by retail employees. Journal of Retailing, 84(3), 308-324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretai.2008.07.001 Gutiérrez-García E; Recalde, M. &, & Piñera-Camacho, A. (2015). Reinventing the wheel? A comparative overview of the concept of dialogue. Public Relations review, 41, 744–753. Gutiérrez-García, E. (2010). Dimensión comunicativa del buen gobierno empresarial. Revista Empresa y Humanismo, XIII(2/10), 149–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2015.06.006 Grunig, J., & Hunt, T. (1984). Managing public relations. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers. Heath, R. L., Pearce, W. B., Shotter, J., Taylor, J. R., Kersten, A., Zorn, T., Deetz, S. (2006). The process of dialogue. Management Communication Quartely. 19(3), 341–375. https://doi.org/10.1177/0893318905282208 Hernández Sampieri, R., Fernández Collado, C., & Baptista Lucio, P. (2010). Metodología de la investigación. Mc Graw Hill. Hoyt, J., & Gerloff, E. A. (1999). Organizational environment, changing economic conditions, and the effective supervision of technical personnel: A management challenge. The Journal of High Technology Management Research, 10(2), 275-293. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1047-8310(99)00014-0 Hunt, G. T., & Cusella, L. P. (1983). A field study of listening needs in organizations. Communication Education, 32(4), 393-401. https://doi.org/10.1080/03634528309378560 Itani, O. S., Goad, E. A., & Jaramillo, F. (2019). Building customer relationships while achieving sales performance results: Is listening the holy grail of sales? Journal of Business Research, 102, 120-130. Janakiraman, N., Bullemore, J., Valenzuela-Fernández, L., & Jaramillo, J. F. (2019). Listening and perseverance–two sides to a coin in quality evaluations. Journal of Consumer Marketing. Johnston, M. K., Reed, K., & Lawrence, K. (2011). Team listening environment (TLE) scale: Development and validation. Journal of Business Communication, 48, 3–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021943610385655 Journée, R., & Weber, M. (2017). Co-creation of experiences in retail: Opportunity to innovate in retail business. In Managing Complexity, 391-404, Springer, Cham. Macnamara, J. (2020). Embracing evaluation theory to overcome “stasis”: Informing standards, impact and methodology. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 25(2), 339-354. Macnamara, J. (2019). Explicating listening in organization-public communication: Theory, practices, technologies. International Journal of Communication. Macnamara, J. (2016). Organizational listening. The Missing Essential in Public Communication. Peter Lang Publishing. Macnamara, J. (2015). Creating an ‘architecture of listening’ in organizations: The basis of engagement, trust, healthy democracy, social equity, and business sustainability. Sydney, NSW, University of Technology. Macnamara, J. (2014). Organizational listening: A vital missing element in public communication and the public sphere. Asia Pacific Public Relations Journal, 15(1), 89-108. Moreno, Á., Khalil, N., & Gómez, M. D. P. (2018). La escucha organizacional como estrategia de comunicación. Análisis de su gestión en España/The organizational listening as a communication strategy. Analysis of its management in Spain. Revista internacional de relaciones públicas, 8(15), 197-214. Palmatiere, R., Rajiv P.D, Dhruv G & Kenneth E. (2006). Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Relationship Marketing: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Marketing. 70 (October), 136–153. Palmatiere, R. (2008). Relationship Marketing. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Marketing Science Institute. Portales, J. C., & Alcaíno, J. C. (2018). El rol del Big data como herramienta de comunicación estratégica y construcción de reputación en Chile. Revista ComHumanitas, 9(2), 66-84. Purdy, M. W., & Manning, L. M. (2015). Listening in the multicultural workplace: A dialogue of theory and practice. International Journal of Listening, 29(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/10904018.2014.942492 Randall, D. (2020) The Current State of Corporate Voice of the Consumer Programs: A Study of Organizational Listening Practices and Effectiveness, International Journal of Listening,34(3), 156-177. http:// 10.1080/10904018.2018.1482747 Rojas, G. (2017). Entre la conversación y el diálogo: algunos aspectos para la escucha. Enunciación, 22(2), 189-201. Romero-Rodríguez, L. M., & Castillo-Abdul, B. (2019). Comunicación para la motivación. Claves de la asertividad y del trabajo en equipo en las organizaciones. R. Ravina-Ripoll, LB Tobar Pesántez y E. Nuñez Barriopedro (Coords.), Happiness Management and Creativity in the XXI Century. Intangible capitals as a source of innovation, competitiveness and sustainable development, 41-54. Schein, E. (2010). Organizational culture and leadership (4rd ed.). Jossey-Bass. Schein, E. (1993). On dialogue, culture, and organizational learning. Organizational dynamics, 22(2), 40-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/0090-2616(93)90052-3 Schein, E. (1992). 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