A reflection on the epistemology of fact-checking journalism: challenges and dilemmas

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Fact-checking journalism has progressed worldwide and has a greater impact on public debate. This article raises a thought focused on the epistemological challenges and dilemmas of fact-checking journalism to achieve the triple objective of this new journalistic genre to be fulfilled: ensure the ver...

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Autor: Rodríguez Pérez, Carlos
Formato: artículo
Fecha de Publicación:2020
Institución:Universidad de Piura
Repositorio:Revista UDEP - Revista de Comunicación
Lenguaje:español
OAI Identifier:oai:revistas.udep.edu.pe:article/1649
Enlace del recurso:https://revistadecomunicacion.com/article/view/1649
Nivel de acceso:acceso abierto
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dc.title.none.fl_str_mv A reflection on the epistemology of fact-checking journalism: challenges and dilemmas
Una reflexión sobre la epistemología del fact-checking journalism: retos y dilemas
title A reflection on the epistemology of fact-checking journalism: challenges and dilemmas
spellingShingle A reflection on the epistemology of fact-checking journalism: challenges and dilemmas
Rodríguez Pérez, Carlos
title_short A reflection on the epistemology of fact-checking journalism: challenges and dilemmas
title_full A reflection on the epistemology of fact-checking journalism: challenges and dilemmas
title_fullStr A reflection on the epistemology of fact-checking journalism: challenges and dilemmas
title_full_unstemmed A reflection on the epistemology of fact-checking journalism: challenges and dilemmas
title_sort A reflection on the epistemology of fact-checking journalism: challenges and dilemmas
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Rodríguez Pérez, Carlos
author Rodríguez Pérez, Carlos
author_facet Rodríguez Pérez, Carlos
author_role author
dc.description.none.fl_txt_mv Fact-checking journalism has progressed worldwide and has a greater impact on public debate. This article raises a thought focused on the epistemological challenges and dilemmas of fact-checking journalism to achieve the triple objective of this new journalistic genre to be fulfilled: ensure the veracity of the information disseminated on social networks and platforms, address scrutiny of power and transform the information in knowledge assumed by the citizens. Through the analysis of the methodology of Latin American Spanish-speaking fact-checking media, several issues related to the verification, dissemination and reception process are discussed. Likewise, the citizen's role in the fact-checking journalism process is analysed as well as the data dissonance in the two main fact-checking lists (International Fact-Checking Network and the Duke Reporter's Lab).
El periodismo de verificación o fact-checking journalism ha experimentado un auge en todo el mundo y mayor incidencia en el debate público. Este artículo plantea una reflexión sobre el periodismo de verificación centrada en los retos y dilemas epistemológicos que habiliten cumplir el triple objetivo de este nuevo género periodístico: velar por la veracidad de la información difundida en redes y plataformas sociales, realizar un escrutinio al poder y transformar la información en conocimiento asumible por los ciudadanos. Mediante el análisis de la metodología de medios de verificación iberoamericanos de habla hispana se exponen varias cuestiones ligadas con el proceso de verificación, de difusión y de recepción. Igualmente se analiza el rol del ciudadano en el proceso de verificación y se analiza la disonancia de datos en los dos principales listados de verificación (International Fact-Checking Network y el Duke Reporter’s Lab).
description Fact-checking journalism has progressed worldwide and has a greater impact on public debate. This article raises a thought focused on the epistemological challenges and dilemmas of fact-checking journalism to achieve the triple objective of this new journalistic genre to be fulfilled: ensure the veracity of the information disseminated on social networks and platforms, address scrutiny of power and transform the information in knowledge assumed by the citizens. Through the analysis of the methodology of Latin American Spanish-speaking fact-checking media, several issues related to the verification, dissemination and reception process are discussed. Likewise, the citizen's role in the fact-checking journalism process is analysed as well as the data dissonance in the two main fact-checking lists (International Fact-Checking Network and the Duke Reporter's Lab).
publishDate 2020
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2020-03-10
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/*ref*/Allcott, H., & Gentzkow, M. (2017). Social media and fake news in the 2016 election. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 31(2), 211-236. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.31.2.211 Amazeen, M. A. (2015). Revisiting the Epistemology of Fact-Checking. Critical Review, 27(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/08913811.2014.993890 Amazeen, M. A., Thorson, E., Muddiman, A. & Graves, L. (2015). A comparison of correction formats: The effectiveness and effects of rating scale versus contextual corrections on misinformation. American Press Institute. https://www.americanpressinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/The-Effectiveness-of-Rating-Scales.pdf Bradshaw, S., & Howard, P. N. (2019). The global disinformation order 2019. Global inventory of organised social media manipulation. https://comprop.oii.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/93/2019/09/CyberTroop-Report19.pdf Brandtzaeg, P. B., Følstad, A., & Chaparro Domínguez, M. Á. (2018). How journalists and social media users perceive online fact-checking and verification services. Journalism Practice, 12(9), 1109-1129. https:// doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2017.1363657 Coddington, M., Molyneux, L., & Lawrence, R. G. (2014). Fact checking the campaign: How political reporters use twitter to set the record straight (or not). The International Journal of Press/Politics, 19(4), 391-409. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161214540942 Elisabeth, J. (2014). Who are you calling a fact checker? https://www.americanpressinstitute.org/fact-checking-project/fact-checker-definition/ European Commission. (2018). Flash Eurobarometer 464. Fake news and disinformation online. http://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/survey/getsurveydetail/instruments/flash/surveyky/2183 Global Disinformation Index staff. (2019). The quarter billion dollar question: How is disinformation gaming ad tech? https://disinformationindex.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/GDI_Ad-tech_Report_Screen_AW16.pdf Gottfried, J. A., Hardy, B. W., Winneg, K. M., & Jamieson, K. H. (2013). Did fact hecking matter in the 2012 presidential campaign? American Behavioral Scientist, 57(11), 1558-1567. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764213489012 Graves, L. (2017). Anatomy of a fact check: Objective practice and the contested epistemology of fact checking. Communication, Culture & Critique, 10(3), 518-537. https://doi.org/10.1111/cccr.12163 Graves, L. (2018). Boundaries not drawn. Journalism Studies, 19(5), 613–631. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670x.2016.1196602 Graves, L., & Glaisyer, T. (2012). The fact-checking universe in spring 2012. New America Foundation, 22. Grinberg, N., Joseph, K., Friedland, L., Swire-Thompson, B., & Lazer, D. (2019). Fake news on twitter during the 2016 US presidential election. Science, 363(6425), 374-378. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau2706 Han, B. (2014). Psicopolítica: Neoliberalismo y nuevas técnicas de poder. Herder Editorial. Han, B. (2016). Sobre el poder. Herder Editorial. Humprecht, E. (2019). How Do They Debunk “Fake News” A Cross-National Comparison of Transparency in Fact Checks. Digital Journalism. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2019.1691031 Klemperer, V. (2001). LTI. la lengua del tercer Reich. Minúscula. Lewandowsky, S., Ecker, U. K., & Cook, J. (2017). Beyond misinformation: Understanding and coping with the “post-truth” era. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 6(4), 353-369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2017.07.008 Magallón Rosa, R. (2019). Verificado México 2018: Desinformación y fact-checking en campaña electoral. Revista De Comunicación, 18(1), 234-258. https://doi.org/10.26441/rc18.1-2019-a12 Mitchell, A., Gottfried, J., Stocking, G., Walker, M. & Fedeli, S. (5 de junio del 2019). Many Americans say made-up news is a critical problem that needs to be fixed. https://www.journalism.org/2019/06/05/many-americans-say-made-up-news-is-a-critical-problem-that-needs-to-be-fixed/ Newman, N., Fletcher, R., Kalogeropoulos, A., & Kleis Nielsen, R. Digital news report 2019. Reuters Institute. Nyhan, B., & Reifler, J. (2014). The effect of fact-checking on elites: A field experiment on U.S. state legislators. American Journal of Political Science, 59(3), 628-640. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12162 Palau-Sampio, D. (2018). Fact-checking y vigilancia del poder: La verificación del discurso público en los nuevos medios de américa latina. Communication & Society, 31 (3), 347-365. https://doi.org/10.15581/003.31.3.347-365 Rodríguez Pérez, C. (2017). News framing and media legitimacy: An exploratory study of the media coverage of the refugee crisis in the European Union. Communication & Society, 30 (3), 169-184. https://doi.org/10.15581/003.30.3.169-184 Rodríguez Pérez, C. (2019). No diga fake news, di desinformación: una revisión sobre el fenómeno de las noticias falsas y sus implicaciones. Comunicación, 40, 65-74. https://doi.org/10.18566/comunica.n40.a05 Salaverría, R. (2019). Digital journalism: 25 years of research. review article. El Profesional De La Información, 28 (1). https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2019.ene.01 Torres, R., Gerhart, N., & Negahban, A. (2018). Epistemology in the era of fake news: An exploration of information verification behaviors among social networking site users. ACM SIGMIS Database: The DATABASE for Advances in Information Systems, 49(3), 78-97. https://doi.org/10.1145/3242734.3242740 Tuñón-Navarro, J., Oleart, Á, & García, L. B. (2019). Actores europeos y desinformación: La disputa entre el fact-checking, las agendas alternativas y la geopolítica. Revista De Comunicación, (18), 245-260. https://doi.org/10.26441/rc18.2-2019-a12 Ufarte-Ruiz, M., Peralta-García, L., & Murcia-Verdú, F. (2018). Fact checking: Un nuevo desafío del periodismo. El Profesional De La Información, 27(4), 733-741. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2018.jul.02 Uscinski, J. E., & Butler, R. W. (2013). The epistemology of fact checking. Critical Review, 25(2), 162-180. https://doi.org/10.1080/08913811.2013.843872 Vargo, C. J., Guo, L., & Amazeen, M. A. (2018). The agenda-setting power of fake news: A big data analysis of the online media landscape from 2014 to 2016. New Media & Society, 20(5), 2028-2049. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444817712086 Vázquez-Herrero, J., Vizoso, Á, & López-García, X. (2019). Innovación tecnológica y comunicativa para combatir la desinformación: 135 experiencias para un cambio de rumbo. El Profesional De La Información (EPI), 28(3)- https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2019.may.01 Vizoso, Á, & Vázquez-Herrero, J. (2019). Plataformas de fact-checking en español. características, organización y método. Communication & Society, 32(1), 127-144. https://doi.org/10.15581/003.32.1.127-144 Wahl-Jorgensen, K. (2012). The strategic ritual of emotionality: A case study of Pulitzer prize-winning articles. Journalism: Theory, Practice & Criticism, 14(1), 129-145. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884912448918 Wahl-Jorgensen, K. (2019a). Emotions, media and politics. John Wiley & Sons. Wahl-Jorgensen, K. (2019b). Questioning the ideal of the public sphere: The emotional turn. Social Media + Society, 5(3), 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305119852175 Walter, N., Cohen, J., Holbert, R. L., & Morag, Y. (2019). Fact-Checking: A Meta-Analysis of What Works and for Whom. Political Communication, 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2019.1668894 Walter, N., & Murphy, S. T. (2018). How to unring the bell: A meta-analytic approach to correction of misinformation. Communication Monographs, https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2018.1467564 Weeks, B. E., & Gil de Zúñiga, H. (2019). What’s Next? Six Observations for the Future of Political Misinformation Research. American Behavioral Scientist, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764219878236 Wintersieck, A. L. (2017). Debating the Truth: The Impact of Fact-Checking During Electoral Debates. American Politics Research, 45(2), 304– 331. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X16686555 Zimmermann, F. & Kohring, M. (2020) Mistrust, Disinforming News, and Vote Choice: A Panel Survey on the Origins and Consequences of Believing Disinformation in the 2017 German Parliamentary Election, Political Communication. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2019.1686095
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spelling A reflection on the epistemology of fact-checking journalism: challenges and dilemmasUna reflexión sobre la epistemología del fact-checking journalism: retos y dilemasRodríguez Pérez, CarlosFact-checking journalism has progressed worldwide and has a greater impact on public debate. This article raises a thought focused on the epistemological challenges and dilemmas of fact-checking journalism to achieve the triple objective of this new journalistic genre to be fulfilled: ensure the veracity of the information disseminated on social networks and platforms, address scrutiny of power and transform the information in knowledge assumed by the citizens. Through the analysis of the methodology of Latin American Spanish-speaking fact-checking media, several issues related to the verification, dissemination and reception process are discussed. Likewise, the citizen's role in the fact-checking journalism process is analysed as well as the data dissonance in the two main fact-checking lists (International Fact-Checking Network and the Duke Reporter's Lab).El periodismo de verificación o fact-checking journalism ha experimentado un auge en todo el mundo y mayor incidencia en el debate público. Este artículo plantea una reflexión sobre el periodismo de verificación centrada en los retos y dilemas epistemológicos que habiliten cumplir el triple objetivo de este nuevo género periodístico: velar por la veracidad de la información difundida en redes y plataformas sociales, realizar un escrutinio al poder y transformar la información en conocimiento asumible por los ciudadanos. Mediante el análisis de la metodología de medios de verificación iberoamericanos de habla hispana se exponen varias cuestiones ligadas con el proceso de verificación, de difusión y de recepción. Igualmente se analiza el rol del ciudadano en el proceso de verificación y se analiza la disonancia de datos en los dos principales listados de verificación (International Fact-Checking Network y el Duke Reporter’s Lab).Universidad de Piura. Facultad de Comunicación2020-03-10info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionArticle evaluated by pairstextArtículo evaluado por parestextoapplication/pdfapplication/xmltext/htmlhttps://revistadecomunicacion.com/article/view/164910.26441/RC19.1-2020-A14Revista de Comunicación; Vol 19 No 1 (2020); 243-258Revista de Comunicación; Vol. 19 Núm. 1 (2020); 243-2582227-14651684-0933reponame:Revista UDEP - Revista de Comunicacióninstname:Universidad de Piurainstacron:UDEPspahttps://revistadecomunicacion.com/article/view/1649/1361https://revistadecomunicacion.com/article/view/1649/1498https://revistadecomunicacion.com/article/view/1649/1525/*ref*/Allcott, H., & Gentzkow, M. (2017). Social media and fake news in the 2016 election. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 31(2), 211-236. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.31.2.211 Amazeen, M. A. (2015). Revisiting the Epistemology of Fact-Checking. Critical Review, 27(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/08913811.2014.993890 Amazeen, M. A., Thorson, E., Muddiman, A. & Graves, L. (2015). A comparison of correction formats: The effectiveness and effects of rating scale versus contextual corrections on misinformation. American Press Institute. https://www.americanpressinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/The-Effectiveness-of-Rating-Scales.pdf Bradshaw, S., & Howard, P. N. (2019). The global disinformation order 2019. Global inventory of organised social media manipulation. https://comprop.oii.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/93/2019/09/CyberTroop-Report19.pdf Brandtzaeg, P. B., Følstad, A., & Chaparro Domínguez, M. Á. (2018). How journalists and social media users perceive online fact-checking and verification services. Journalism Practice, 12(9), 1109-1129. https:// doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2017.1363657 Coddington, M., Molyneux, L., & Lawrence, R. G. (2014). Fact checking the campaign: How political reporters use twitter to set the record straight (or not). The International Journal of Press/Politics, 19(4), 391-409. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161214540942 Elisabeth, J. (2014). Who are you calling a fact checker? https://www.americanpressinstitute.org/fact-checking-project/fact-checker-definition/ European Commission. (2018). Flash Eurobarometer 464. Fake news and disinformation online. http://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/survey/getsurveydetail/instruments/flash/surveyky/2183 Global Disinformation Index staff. (2019). The quarter billion dollar question: How is disinformation gaming ad tech? https://disinformationindex.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/GDI_Ad-tech_Report_Screen_AW16.pdf Gottfried, J. A., Hardy, B. W., Winneg, K. M., & Jamieson, K. H. (2013). Did fact hecking matter in the 2012 presidential campaign? American Behavioral Scientist, 57(11), 1558-1567. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764213489012 Graves, L. (2017). Anatomy of a fact check: Objective practice and the contested epistemology of fact checking. Communication, Culture & Critique, 10(3), 518-537. https://doi.org/10.1111/cccr.12163 Graves, L. (2018). Boundaries not drawn. Journalism Studies, 19(5), 613–631. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670x.2016.1196602 Graves, L., & Glaisyer, T. (2012). The fact-checking universe in spring 2012. New America Foundation, 22. Grinberg, N., Joseph, K., Friedland, L., Swire-Thompson, B., & Lazer, D. (2019). Fake news on twitter during the 2016 US presidential election. Science, 363(6425), 374-378. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau2706 Han, B. (2014). Psicopolítica: Neoliberalismo y nuevas técnicas de poder. Herder Editorial. Han, B. (2016). Sobre el poder. Herder Editorial. Humprecht, E. (2019). How Do They Debunk “Fake News” A Cross-National Comparison of Transparency in Fact Checks. Digital Journalism. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2019.1691031 Klemperer, V. (2001). LTI. la lengua del tercer Reich. Minúscula. Lewandowsky, S., Ecker, U. K., & Cook, J. (2017). Beyond misinformation: Understanding and coping with the “post-truth” era. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 6(4), 353-369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2017.07.008 Magallón Rosa, R. (2019). Verificado México 2018: Desinformación y fact-checking en campaña electoral. Revista De Comunicación, 18(1), 234-258. https://doi.org/10.26441/rc18.1-2019-a12 Mitchell, A., Gottfried, J., Stocking, G., Walker, M. & Fedeli, S. (5 de junio del 2019). Many Americans say made-up news is a critical problem that needs to be fixed. https://www.journalism.org/2019/06/05/many-americans-say-made-up-news-is-a-critical-problem-that-needs-to-be-fixed/ Newman, N., Fletcher, R., Kalogeropoulos, A., & Kleis Nielsen, R. Digital news report 2019. Reuters Institute. Nyhan, B., & Reifler, J. (2014). The effect of fact-checking on elites: A field experiment on U.S. state legislators. American Journal of Political Science, 59(3), 628-640. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12162 Palau-Sampio, D. (2018). Fact-checking y vigilancia del poder: La verificación del discurso público en los nuevos medios de américa latina. Communication & Society, 31 (3), 347-365. https://doi.org/10.15581/003.31.3.347-365 Rodríguez Pérez, C. (2017). News framing and media legitimacy: An exploratory study of the media coverage of the refugee crisis in the European Union. Communication & Society, 30 (3), 169-184. https://doi.org/10.15581/003.30.3.169-184 Rodríguez Pérez, C. (2019). No diga fake news, di desinformación: una revisión sobre el fenómeno de las noticias falsas y sus implicaciones. Comunicación, 40, 65-74. https://doi.org/10.18566/comunica.n40.a05 Salaverría, R. (2019). Digital journalism: 25 years of research. review article. El Profesional De La Información, 28 (1). https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2019.ene.01 Torres, R., Gerhart, N., & Negahban, A. (2018). Epistemology in the era of fake news: An exploration of information verification behaviors among social networking site users. ACM SIGMIS Database: The DATABASE for Advances in Information Systems, 49(3), 78-97. https://doi.org/10.1145/3242734.3242740 Tuñón-Navarro, J., Oleart, Á, & García, L. B. (2019). Actores europeos y desinformación: La disputa entre el fact-checking, las agendas alternativas y la geopolítica. Revista De Comunicación, (18), 245-260. https://doi.org/10.26441/rc18.2-2019-a12 Ufarte-Ruiz, M., Peralta-García, L., & Murcia-Verdú, F. (2018). Fact checking: Un nuevo desafío del periodismo. El Profesional De La Información, 27(4), 733-741. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2018.jul.02 Uscinski, J. E., & Butler, R. W. (2013). The epistemology of fact checking. Critical Review, 25(2), 162-180. https://doi.org/10.1080/08913811.2013.843872 Vargo, C. J., Guo, L., & Amazeen, M. A. (2018). The agenda-setting power of fake news: A big data analysis of the online media landscape from 2014 to 2016. New Media & Society, 20(5), 2028-2049. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444817712086 Vázquez-Herrero, J., Vizoso, Á, & López-García, X. (2019). Innovación tecnológica y comunicativa para combatir la desinformación: 135 experiencias para un cambio de rumbo. El Profesional De La Información (EPI), 28(3)- https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2019.may.01 Vizoso, Á, & Vázquez-Herrero, J. (2019). Plataformas de fact-checking en español. características, organización y método. Communication & Society, 32(1), 127-144. https://doi.org/10.15581/003.32.1.127-144 Wahl-Jorgensen, K. (2012). The strategic ritual of emotionality: A case study of Pulitzer prize-winning articles. Journalism: Theory, Practice & Criticism, 14(1), 129-145. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884912448918 Wahl-Jorgensen, K. (2019a). Emotions, media and politics. John Wiley & Sons. Wahl-Jorgensen, K. (2019b). Questioning the ideal of the public sphere: The emotional turn. Social Media + Society, 5(3), 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305119852175 Walter, N., Cohen, J., Holbert, R. L., & Morag, Y. (2019). Fact-Checking: A Meta-Analysis of What Works and for Whom. Political Communication, 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2019.1668894 Walter, N., & Murphy, S. T. (2018). How to unring the bell: A meta-analytic approach to correction of misinformation. Communication Monographs, https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2018.1467564 Weeks, B. E., & Gil de Zúñiga, H. (2019). What’s Next? Six Observations for the Future of Political Misinformation Research. American Behavioral Scientist, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764219878236 Wintersieck, A. L. (2017). Debating the Truth: The Impact of Fact-Checking During Electoral Debates. American Politics Research, 45(2), 304– 331. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X16686555 Zimmermann, F. & Kohring, M. (2020) Mistrust, Disinforming News, and Vote Choice: A Panel Survey on the Origins and Consequences of Believing Disinformation in the 2017 German Parliamentary Election, Political Communication. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2019.1686095Derechos de autor 2020 Revista de Comunicaciónhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess2021-05-31T17:20:13Zmail@mail.com -
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