Objective: To examine the possible role of medications in the occurrence of neuropsychiatric damage in patientswith systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Material and methods: SLE patients from the LUMINA (Lupus inMinorities: Nature vs. Nurture) cohort (ACR criteria, ≥ 16 years of age at enrollment and ≤5 years of diseaseduration) were studied. Time-to-neuropsychiatric damage [defined according with the Systemic Lupus CollaboratingClinics (SLICC) Damage Index (SDI): neurocognitive impairment or psychosis, seizures, cranial or peripheralneuropathy, stroke or surgical resection not due to malignancies and transverse myelitis] was examined by univariableand multivariable Cox regression analyses. Propensity score analyses were done to further determine the possibleprotective role of hydroxychloroquine in neuropsychiatric damage occurrence. Results: Six-hundred and thirtytwopatients were st...