Currently most of international shipments need to use more than one type of transportation from its point of origin to final destination. Each one of the types of global transport has played an essential role in facilitating geographic diversification. In this paper we evaluate, through Principal Component Analysis methodology, the international transport competitiveness considering the most important variables that affect this sector and the economic performance of these variables on transportation, analyzing the structure of the international transport system of twenty-nine countries, including seven Latin American countries. The results shown in the competitiveness index of international transportation indicate that the most competitive countries in this field are: USA, Hong Kong, Singapore, China, Sweden, Spain, Japan, Belgium, Denmark and Canada. Highlighting that, the countries of ...

The objective of this study is to calculate the efficiency level of the sanctions for wastewater discharges implemented by CONAGUA in the state of Michoacán during fiscal year 2022, using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). This research is motivated by the high level of pollution generated by industrial and urban public activities, which casts doubt on the effectiveness of the coercive mechanism established by the current National Water Law. The analysis was conducted under variable returns to scale, input orientation, and with the presence of bad outputs. The results show that Michoacán is positioned at an intermediate efficiency level, highlighting areas for improvement to achieve a lower percentage of water that fails to meet the Mexican official standards, alongside an increase in the volume of good-quality water in surface receiving bodies.

The objective of this study is to calculate the efficiency level of the sanctions for wastewater discharges implemented by CONAGUA in the state of Michoacán during fiscal year 2022, using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). This research is motivated by the high level of pollution generated by industrial and urban public activities, which casts doubt on the effectiveness of the coercive mechanism established by the current National Water Law. The analysis was conducted under variable returns to scale, input orientation, and with the presence of bad outputs. The results show that Michoacán is positioned at an intermediate efficiency level, highlighting areas for improvement to achieve a lower percentage of water that fails to meet the Mexican official standards, alongside an increase in the volume of good-quality water in surface receiving bodies.

Currently most of international shipments need to use more than one type of transportation from its point of origin to final destination. Each one of the types of global transport has played an essential role in facilitating geographic diversification. In this paper we evaluate, through Principal Component Analysis methodology, the international transport competitiveness considering the most important variables that affect this sector and the economic performance of these variables on transportation, analyzing the structure of the international transport system of twenty-nine countries, including seven Latin American countries. The results shown in the competitiveness index of international transportation indicate that the most competitive countries in this field are: USA, Hong Kong, Singapore, China, Sweden, Spain, Japan, Belgium, Denmark and Canada. Highlighting that, the countries of ...