This review examines human digestive physiology and metabolic adaptations in the context of evolutionary dietary patterns, particularly those emphasizing carnivorous and scavenging behaviors. By integrating metabolomic data with archaeological, anatomical, and microbiological evidence, the study explores how early hominins adapted to intermittent but energy-dense animal-based diets. The analysis highlights the development of hepatic insulin resistance, enhanced fat and protein metabolism, and shifts in gut microbiota diversity as physiological signatures of meat consumption. Comparative evaluations of digestive enzyme profiles, intestinal morphology, and salivary composition underscore humans’ omnivorous flexibility and partial carnivorous specialization. Additionally, biomarkers such as ketone bodies, branched-chain amino acids, and trimethylamine-N-oxide are identified as metabolic i...

Introduction: Competency assessment in physical education teacher education is fundamental to develop essential skills in professional practice. These competencies include technical knowledge, practical skills and a comprehensive approach that encompasses pedagogical and ethical dimensions. The diversity in competencies reflects the plurality of approaches adopted by higher education institutions, which prioritize different areas to respond to the demands of the current school system. Objective: Analyze the types of competencies assessed during physical education teacher training. Method: A systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA statement, covering articles in WoS, Scopus, Sportdiscus and ERIC databases, until July 2024. Studies were selected according to specific inclusion criteria. Results: Of a total of 820 studies identified, 38 met the inclusion criteria and were class...

Introduction: Competency assessment in physical education teacher education is fundamental to develop essential skills in professional practice. These competencies include technical knowledge, practical skills and a comprehensive approach that encompasses pedagogical and ethical dimensions. The diversity in competencies reflects the plurality of approaches adopted by higher education institutions, which prioritize different areas to respond to the demands of the current school system. Objective: Analyze the types of competencies assessed during physical education teacher training. Method: A systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA statement, covering articles in WoS, Scopus, Sportdiscus and ERIC databases, until July 2024. Studies were selected according to specific inclusion criteria. Results: Of a total of 820 studies identified, 38 met the inclusion criteria and were class...