Chinese-style FTAs in South America have proved to be unique in three respects: first, due to China’s continued classification as a non-market developing economy at the World Trade Organization (WTO), the Chile-China and Peru-China FTAs technically classify as South-South deals. Yet, the nature of exchange between China and these two South American countries is based on a traditional pattern of comparative advantage more akin to North-Southtrade relations at the turn of the 20th century whereby these South American countries export primary goods to China and import manufactures back. In contrast, today’s North-South deals are oriented more toward market access for manufactured goods and the implementation of new rules in the realm of services, investment, and intellectual property. Second, it was this more traditional pattern of exchange, and China’s thirst for the mineral commodit...

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The Peruvian government's lack of commitment in promoting the development of energy projects between 1935 and 1990 resulted in budget deficits and a scarcity of priva te investment in that sector. In the 1990s, this situation started to change. The threshold level was based on new legal agreements. This paper studies the interactions between the Peruvian government, firms and the international institutions in developing the energy market by means of oil and gas exploitation of oil and gas and improved quality services in the electricity sector. The paper also focuses on the quality of management capacities at different levels of government (central and local). lt illustrates the steps taken by the Fujimori government to strike a balance between energy sector management and privatization. To this end, regulatory policies were introduced to establish a climate of confidence between firms a...

La investigación para este artículo fue financiada por la beca John D. y Catherine T. MacArthur en Paz, Conflicto y Seguridad.

Chinese-style FTAs in South America have proved to be unique in three respects: first, due to China’s continued classification as a non-market developing economy at the World Trade Organization (WTO), the Chile-China and Peru-China FTAs technically classify as South-South deals. Yet, the nature of exchange between China and these two South American countries is based on a traditional pattern of comparative advantage more akin to North-Southtrade relations at the turn of the 20th century whereby these South American countries export primary goods to China and import manufactures back. In contrast, today’s North-South deals are oriented more toward market access for manufactured goods and the implementation of new rules in the realm of services, investment, and intellectual property. Second, it was this more traditional pattern of exchange, and China’s thirst for the mineral commodit...

The Peruvian government's lack of commitment in promoting the development of energy projects between 1935 and 1990 resulted in budget deficits and a scarcity of priva te investment in that sector. In the 1990s, this situation started to change. The threshold level was based on new legal agreements. This paper studies the interactions between the Peruvian government, firms and the international institutions in developing the energy market by means of oil and gas exploitation of oil and gas and improved quality services in the electricity sector. The paper also focuses on the quality of management capacities at different levels of government (central and local). lt illustrates the steps taken by the Fujimori government to strike a balance between energy sector management and privatization. To this end, regulatory policies were introduced to establish a climate of confidence between firms a...