As gravitation and electromagnetism are closely analogous long-range interactions, and the current formulation of gravitation is given in terms of geometry, we expect the latter also to appear through the geometry. This unification has however, remained an unfulfilled goal. Thence emerges a relativistic theory of the asymmetric field by generalization of the general relativity. It will demonstrate in a new way that the field-equations chosen for the non-symmetric fields are really the natural ones.

As gravitation and electromagnetism are closely analogous long-range interactions, and the current formulation of gravitation is given in terms of geometry. Thence emerges a relativistic theory of the field by generalization of the general relativity. The derivation presented shows how naturally we can extend general relativity theory to a non-symmetric field, and that the field-equations are really the generalizations of the gravitational equations. With curvature tensor and the variational principle, we will deduce the field equations and Bianchi's identities. In consecuense, the field equations will find from Bianchi's identities.

As gravitation and electromagnetism are closely analogous long-range interactions, and the current formulation of gravitation is given in terms of geometry, we expect the latter also to appear throug the geometry. We look for the formally most simple expression for the law of gravitation in the absence of an electromagnetic field, and then the most natural generalization of this law. This theory contain Maxwell theory in first approximation. In the following we outline the scheme of the general theory and then show in which sense this contains the law of the pure gravitational field and Maxwell theory.

Lately the Cosmic Background Radiation (CMB) data have resulted in anomalies or deviations with respect to the standard model of cosmology, which has led several cosmologists to consider alternative models to the standard model (homogeneous and isotropic), such as the Bianchi models, which are homogeneous but anisotropic. Based on these motivations to consider alternative models, we propose to study, in the present work, the algebraic classification of the Bianchi models and each of the Bianchi space-times, applying the ADM formalism of general relativity in its Hamiltonian version and the groups G3 . The dynamic equations are shown with the help of the Hamiltonian density H and the Poisson parentheses, in other words, the equations of motion are presented for each of the Bianchi space-times. Some theoretical consequences of these equations are discussed when we take the limit Ω → -�...

In this paper, we have given a presentation of the relativistic theory of asymmetric field. It is our aim to present a theory of gravitation and electomagnetism by a generalization of the concepts and mathematical methods of the general relativity. We look for the formally most simple expression for the law of gravitation in the absence of an electromagnetic field, and then the most natural generalization of this law. This theory contain  Maxwell's theory in the Lambda transformation.

The last few decades have seen an explosive increase in the amount and precision of data obtained from cosmological observations. Theoretical cosmologists have not yet finished interpreting this amount of data. Likewise, the wonderful ideas we have for the beginning of the Universe have not yet been connected with concrete models of elementary particles. Currently, the existence of dark matter (DM) is accepted in the scientific community. Stars, planets, comets, cosmic dust and other forms of matter make up 5% of the matter in the Universe. The remaining 95% would be "dark matter" and "dark energy", if it is that, it is not known what it is, in fact they exist. In this work, the standard cosmological model is studied, as well as the production of relic particles with the Boltzmann equation applied to the decoupling of relic particles from a reservoir.

In writing out the eq. (36)  in my recent paper [1], an inadvertent error led to two errant numerical expressions in equations (37) and (38) that propagated to the “Field equations”. The main results and conclusions of my paper remain unchanged. All of the affected formulas are corrected below.

In writing out the equations in section of Hamilton principle in my recent paper [1], inadvertents errors led to errant numerical expressions in “Field equations”. The main results and conclusions of my paper remain unchanged. All of the affected formulas are corrected below.

In this work, we present the fundamentals of the general theory of relativity, the standard cosmology and a description of current and interesting research topics about our current Universe, in addition the emergence of the dark matter problem has been raised, trying to outline possible dark matter candidates. This assumption seems realistic, however the analysis, from the point of view of standard cosmology, which is also studied in this work, turns out to be more complex than if dark matter were considered with a single species of elementary particle.

Observations on the anisotropies of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) have become a fundamental tool in Cosmology. We present a brief description of the mformalism necessary to understand the evolution of the anisotropies, and how their power spectrum gives us information about the evolution and composition of the universe.

Modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND) is a hypothesis that proposes a modification of Newton's law of universal gravitation to account for observed properties of galaxies. This theory is an alternative to the hypothesis of dark matter in terms of explaining why galaxies do not appear to obey the currently understood laws of physics. In this work, we present a relativistic theory of gravitation for MOND.

In this article, we present the fundamentals of Goldstone's theorem and the breaking of global symmetries. As well as one of the important aspects to take into account in the process of spontaneous symmetry breaking are the possible topological defects generated by the breaking. For this reason, we will expose the concept of topological defect and the calculation of the relic density of the axion, considered as a candidate to dark matter.

In writing out the eq. (43) for in my recent paper [1], an inadvertent error led to two errant numerical expressions in “Diferential identities”. The main results and conclusions of my paper remain unchanged. All of the affected formulas are corrected below.

Particle physics emerged as a pioneer discipline in "big science"; experiments are being carried out in accelerators that are increasing in energy and complexity by the collaborations of thousands of physicists from hundreds of institutes in a few dozen countries. In "big science" a research methodology has been developed in which statistics is of great importance to interpret the results obtained from these experiments. Despite the discovery of the Higgs boson in 2012, which contributed to the success of the Standard Model and the award of the 2013 Nobel Prize in Physics. Based on these motivations, in the present work certain statistical tests based on the “likelihood” method are shown and are applied in high energy physics in the discovery of new phenomena, by making use of the construction of confidence intervals of the model parameters. We focus on properties of methods called ...

La Radiación Cósmica de Fondo (CMB) ha dado como resultado anomalías o desviaciones con respecto al modelo estándar de la cosmología. En consecuencia, proponemos estudiar los espacio-tiempo de Bianchi con constante cosmológica aplicando el formalismo de Arnowitt-Deser-Misner (ADM) de relatividad general en su versión Hamiltoniana. A partir de la densidad Lagrangiana y con el uso de la transformación de Legendre podemos calcular densidad Hamiltoniana y los paréntesis de Poisson. Posteriormente, presentamos las ecuaciones de movimiento para cada uno de los  espacio-tiempo de Bianchi. Además, discutimos algunas consecuencias de carácter teórico en dichas ecuaciones cuando tomamos el límite Omega y los parámetros beta_+ y beta_- fijos, en consecuencia, encontramos que la parte dependiente del potencial gravitacional de la densidad Hamiltoniana tiende a cero y de las ecuaciones...

Experimental evidence so far suggest that there are only three generations of quarks and leptons. Before electroweak symmetry breaking, the three families of quarks and leptons are indistiguishable, so they are invariant under transformations of the S_{3} group. Using the symmetry S_{3} we have at our disposal 3 irreducible representations, \mathbf{2}, \mathbf{1}_{s}, \mathbf{1}_{a}, where we can accommodate up to four Higgs doublets in a model   that occupies all the irreducible representations of the group S_{3}. This model with four Higgs doublets (4HDM)  is of great interest, thanks to the fact that we can take the fourth Higgs doublet as a stable particle without interaction with fermions so that it becomes a candidate for dark matter, while with remaining three Higgses the propierties obtained are maintained. An important condition for having a viable dark matter candidate is i...

The phenomenon of neutrino oscilation is a purely quantum effect  and can roughly be interpreted as a change in flavor of the neutrinos. For the oscillation phenomenon to take place, it is necessary that the neutrinos have a mass different to zero. Therefore, the experimental discovery of neutrino oscillation is the first incontrovertible evidence of physics that is not included in the theoretical framework of the standard model. According to the standard model (SM) of particle physics, neutrinos are massless particles. The neutrino is very difficult to detect because it interacts weakly with ordinary matter, that is, this particle only couples to weak gauge bosons. For this reason, until today it has not been possible to carry out its complete characterization . However, this elusive particle is one of the most abundant elementary particles in the Universe and is expected to play a fun...

In developing equation (21) and not listing it in the recent paper [1], an inadvertent error caused the rest of the numerical expressions  to not be listen in the proper order. The main results and conclusions of the paper reamin unchanged. 

This work has three important purposes: first it is the study of Markov Chains, the second is to show that Markov chains have different applications and finally it is to model a process of this behaves. Throughout this work we will describe what a Markov chain is, what these processes are for and how these chains are classified. We will describe a Markov Chain, that is, analyze what are the primary elements that make up a Markov chain, among others.

Fourier analysis is currently one of the important parts of mathematical analysis. Fourier analysis methods are used in physics, electrical engineering, and other sciences to solve various problems. In this article we will give the main concepts of Fourier analysis and its applications in spectral analysis in solving problems using R, as shown in the examples.