Deforestation of flooded (várzea) and non-flooded (terra firme) forests caused by firewood consumption at tile factories (olaria) was investigated in Abaetetuba Island at the Amazon estuary. Várzea is spatially limited, the area is only 3% of the whole Amazon, however, it is heavily influenced by human activities, especially by the cultivation of acaí palm (Euterpe oleracea Mart.). The trees are cut down for the olarias. The number of tree species are small, and they have less wood density than terra firme tree species because the várzea is flooded twice a day throughout the year. Terra firme forests, which are also secondary forests, receive less human impact, and have more tree species and more individual trees with a growth extension that exceeds the species in the várzea forests. The deforestation was examined by comparing forest biomass in a unit area to firewood consumption at...