The aim of this study was to determine the possibility of predicting Ehrlichia canis infections based on canine eye lesions without apparent systemic clinical signs suggestive of Erlichia infection. A total of 30 patient dogs taken to the Veterinary Clinic of the Cooperative University of Colombia (Ibagué) for ocular alterations were evaluated. A complete ophthalmic examination was performed. Those with uveitis or retinal hemorrhages were subjected to the SNAP test for Ehrlichia canis. The main reason for ophthalmic consultation of patients positive for E. canis was ocular secretion (33.3%), followed by red eye (30%) and loss of vision (20%). In the ophthalmic examination, the most frequent ocular alteration was low intraocular pressure (IOP) (93.3%) and conjunctival hyperemia (63.3%). Moreover, 46.7% had an increase in ocular secretion and 40% were positive to keratoconjunctivitis sicc...

The aim of this study was to determine the possibility of predicting Ehrlichia canis infections based on canine eye lesions without apparent systemic clinical signs suggestive of Erlichia infection. A total of 30 patient dogs taken to the Veterinary Clinic of the Cooperative University of Colombia (Ibagué) for ocular alterations were evaluated. A complete ophthalmic examination was performed. Those with uveitis or retinal hemorrhages were subjected to the SNAP test for Ehrlichia canis. The main reason for ophthalmic consultation of patients positive for E. canis was ocular secretion (33.3%), followed by red eye (30%) and loss of vision (20%). In the ophthalmic examination, the most frequent ocular alteration was low intraocular pressure (IOP) (93.3%) and conjunctival hyperemia (63.3%). Moreover, 46.7% had an increase in ocular secretion and 40% were positive to keratoconjunctivitis sicc...

This review presents the main requirements for measuring multimodal welfare indicators in production animals, from production parameters to physiological parameters, categorized as noninvasive indicators and invasive indicators. It is intended to generate a collection of ideas so that the researcher, in accordance with the limitations, conditions and scope of its resources, evaluate animal welfare for academic purposes, research and optimization of the production and marketing of the final products in a livestock production system.

This review presents the main requirements for measuring multimodal welfare indicators in production animals, from production parameters to physiological parameters, categorized as noninvasive indicators and invasive indicators. It is intended to generate a collection of ideas so that the researcher, in accordance with the limitations, conditions and scope of its resources, evaluate animal welfare for academic purposes, research and optimization of the production and marketing of the final products in a livestock production system.