This article compares the investment chapters of the Additional Protocol to the Framework Agreement of the Pacific Alliance (PA-AP), the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) and the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA). Our objective is to determine their degree of normative convergence. We conclude that these investment chapters include very similar substantive rules and principles on international investments in terms of definitions, the rules’ scope of application, treatment standards (national treatment and most favored nation treatment), absolute standards (international minimum standard of treatment, fair and equitable treatment, and full protection and security), investment protection rules (direct and indirect expropriation, compensation, and transfers), and performance requirements. We also conclude that these investment chapte...

This article compares the investment chapters of the Additional Protocol to the Framework Agreement of the Pacific Alliance (PA-AP), the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) and the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA). Our objective is to determine their degree of normative convergence. We conclude that these investment chapters include very similar substantive rules and principles on international investments in terms of definitions, the rules’ scope of application, treatment standards (national treatment and most favored nation treatment), absolute standards (international minimum standard of treatment, fair and equitable treatment, and full protection and security), investment protection rules (direct and indirect expropriation, compensation, and transfers), and performance requirements. We also conclude that these investment chapte...

This article compares the investment chapters of the Additional Protocol to the Framework Agreement of the Pacific Alliance (PA-AP), the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) and the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA). Our objective is to determine their degree of normative convergence. We conclude that these investment chapters include very similar substantive rules and principles on international investments in terms of definitions, the rules’ scope of application, treatment standards (national treatment and most favored nation treatment), absolute standards (international minimum standard of treatment, fair and equitable treatment, and full protection and security), investment protection rules (direct and indirect expropriation, compensation, and transfers), and performance requirements. We also conclude that these investment chapte...