The expansion of oil palm plantations into peatlands presents a critical area of study, particularly in understanding how nutrient dynamics and groundwater management influence oil palm yield. This research was conducted on smallholder oil palm plantations comprising 8–10-year-old palms cultivated on peat soils in Bengkalis Regency, Riau Province. A completely randomized block design was used, incorporating three groundwater table treatments: A. 40 cm, B. 60 cm, and C. 80 cm. Fertilizer application rates were as follows: urea at 2.50 kg/tree/year, SP-36 at 2.75 kg/tree/year, MOP (KCl) at 2.25 kg/tree/year, and dolomite at 2.00 kg/tree/year. Data analysis utilized a combination of Structural Equation Modeling based on Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS) and Necessary Condition Analysis (NCA). The results showed that nutrient dynamics, indicated by leaf nutrient content, are the key driver c...