The simultaneous appearance in 1989 of the term “Washington Consensus” and the adoption of ILO Convention 169 are not a historical curiosity, but rather a milestone in the ambiguity of the recognition of collective rights of indigenous people. Now, while the political economy of Peruvian development has been described as “heavily centralised and ethnically define exclusionary” (Orihuela, 2020, p. 146), can it be said that it only obeys the weight of history? What characterized the political economy of recognition during a markedly neoliberal period? The aim of this essay is to outline a proposal for analysis of the type of political economy that governed the recognition of indigenous people’s rights in Peru during the Fujimori decade (1990-2000). Although the historical determinants of the condition of exclusion of these people, the characteristics of the Peruvian neoliberal pe...