The aim of the following review is to describe the seasonal reproductive behavior in male and female ungulates, and identify the determinants of reproductive synchrony. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors that influence the reproductive seasonality of ungulates analyzed. Intrinsic factors are related to the same individual such as genotypic and phenotypic characteristics, and implies that the reproductive aspects can not be extrapolated between species and breeds, and are modified by the action of external factors such as photoperiod, availability of food, temperature, latitude, among others. Among these factors are identified primarily photoperiod and food availability. The photoperiod and food availability are the main signals that determine melatonin levels, and this modulates the reproductive function. Photoperiod is related to the intensity of light and darkness that animals are exposed...

The physiological and behavioral changes in ungulates are an adaptive response to environmental changes. The endogenous biological clock allows each individual animal to produce these changes in response to environmental fluctuations. The daylight is the main factor that modulates this process, and its changes are reflected by variations in the melatonin concentrations. This review describes the translation of the light signal into changes in hormone concentration in ungulates. Then mechanism as photoperiod modifies physiological processes such as reproduction, and physical and behavioral aspects are presented. Finally this review discusses the relationship of genes in the development of biological clock. The understanding of the mechanisms that modulate the physiological and behavioral changes in ungulates facilitates handling of animals, especially those species where management is the...

The aim of the following review is to describe the seasonal reproductive behavior in male and female ungulates, and identify the determinants of reproductive synchrony. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors that influence the reproductive seasonality of ungulates analyzed. Intrinsic factors are related to the same individual such as genotypic and phenotypic characteristics, and implies that the reproductive aspects can not be extrapolated between species and breeds, and are modified by the action of external factors such as photoperiod, availability of food, temperature, latitude, among others. Among these factors are identified primarily photoperiod and food availability. The photoperiod and food availability are the main signals that determine melatonin levels, and this modulates the reproductive function. Photoperiod is related to the intensity of light and darkness that animals are exposed...

The physiological and behavioral changes in ungulates are an adaptive response to environmental changes. The endogenous biological clock allows each individual animal to produce these changes in response to environmental fluctuations. The daylight is the main factor that modulates this process, and its changes are reflected by variations in the melatonin concentrations. This review describes the translation of the light signal into changes in hormone concentration in ungulates. Then mechanism as photoperiod modifies physiological processes such as reproduction, and physical and behavioral aspects are presented. Finally this review discusses the relationship of genes in the development of biological clock. The understanding of the mechanisms that modulate the physiological and behavioral changes in ungulates facilitates handling of animals, especially those species where management is the...

The physiological and behavioral changes in ungulates are an adaptive response to environmental changes. The endogenous biological clock allows each individual animal to produce these changes in response to environmental fluctuations. The daylight is the main factor that modulates this process, and its changes are reflected by variations in the melatonin concentrations. This review describes the translation of the light signal into changes in hormone concentration in ungulates. Then mechanism as photoperiod modifies physiological processes such as reproduction, and physical and behavioral aspects are presented. Finally this review discusses the relationship of genes in the development of biological clock. The understanding of the mechanisms that modulate the physiological and behavioral changes in ungulates facilitates handling of animals, especially those species where management is the...

The physiological and behavioral changes in ungulates are an adaptive response to environmental changes. The endogenous biological clock allows each individual animal to produce these changes in response to environmental fluctuations. The daylight is the main factor that modulates this process, and its changes are reflected by variations in the melatonin concentrations. This review describes the translation of the light signal into changes in hormone concentration in ungulates. Then mechanism as photoperiod modifies physiological processes such as reproduction, and physical and behavioral aspects are presented. Finally this review discusses the relationship of genes in the development of biological clock. The understanding of the mechanisms that modulate the physiological and behavioral changes in ungulates facilitates handling of animals, especially those species where management is the...

The aim of the following review is to describe the seasonal reproductive behavior in male and female ungulates, and identify the determinants of reproductive synchrony. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors that influence the reproductive seasonality of ungulates analyzed. Intrinsic factors are related to the same individual such as genotypic and phenotypic characteristics, and implies that the reproductive aspects can not be extrapolated between species and breeds, and are modified by the action of external factors such as photoperiod, availability of food, temperature, latitude, among others. Among these factors are identified primarily photoperiod and food availability. The photoperiod and food availability are the main signals that determine melatonin levels, and this modulates the reproductive function. Photoperiod is related to the intensity of light and darkness that animals are exposed...

The aim of the following review is to describe the seasonal reproductive behavior in male and female ungulates, and identify the determinants of reproductive synchrony. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors that influence the reproductive seasonality of ungulates analyzed. Intrinsic factors are related to the same individual such as genotypic and phenotypic characteristics, and implies that the reproductive aspects can not be extrapolated between species and breeds, and are modified by the action of external factors such as photoperiod, availability of food, temperature, latitude, among others. Among these factors are identified primarily photoperiod and food availability. The photoperiod and food availability are the main signals that determine melatonin levels, and this modulates the reproductive function. Photoperiod is related to the intensity of light and darkness that animals are exposed...