When Spain was invaded by Napoleon's troops fled and Fernando VII of Spain, he left a power vacuum in a vast territory that included both hemispheres: the Iberian Peninsula, America and the Philippines. In these circumstances, the May 22, 1810 the Board approved the calling of Cortes representative of the kingdoms of Spain, whose members would be elected on the basis of equal representation between American and Spanish. On September 24 of that year said Cortes met for the first time on the Island of San Fernando, virtually the only bastion that was not occupied by French troops. After nearly a year and a half of meetings and deliberations, the Constitution of Cádiz finally testing the March 14, 1812 and promulgated days after 19 March. The Cortes opt for a liberal constitution that establishes a new type of regime, the constitutional monarchy. These are times of patriotic fervor, but al...

This study attempts to highlight the relationship between fundamental freedom and the Equality Principle. These concepts have evolved simultaneously as a result of certain ties that have united them since their origins - ties which have grown even stronger with the advent of the Welfare State and the concomitant notion of social rights. In such a system, equality is established as a condition of the exercise of human rights. To this end, the Spanish Constituent Assembly has included the various meanings of the Equality Principle in the Constitution in a holistic manner: formal equality in article 14 and material equality in article 9.2. lt has also included in article 14 a subsection referring to the non discrimination principle. This holislic character has been pointed out on several occasions by the doctrine of the Spanish Constitutional Court, as we shall see below.

This study attempts to highlight the relationship between fundamental freedom and the Equality Principle. These concepts have evolved simultaneously as a result of certain ties that have united them since their origins - ties which have grown even stronger with the advent of the Welfare State and the concomitant notion of social rights. In such a system, equality is established as a condition of the exercise of human rights. To this end, the Spanish Constituent Assembly has included the various meanings of the Equality Principle in the Constitution in a holistic manner: formal equality in article 14 and material equality in article 9.2. lt has also included in article 14 a subsection referring to the non discrimination principle. This holislic character has been pointed out on several occasions by the doctrine of the Spanish Constitutional Court, as we shall see below.

El presente estudio está constituido por una serie de breves reflexiones en torno al reconocimiento y protección jurídico–constitucional de la vida animal. Nos animan los avances que han ocurrido en los últimos años, lo cual no obsta para señalar que aún queda mucho por hacer en este campo, a nivel internacional y nacional. La cuestión no solo queda en el campo jurídico: también atraviesa el ámbito de la filosofía moral en relación con la toma de conciencia de la responsabilidad de los seres humanos con aquellos otros seres que habitan el mismo lugar.