The opioid crisis has reached alarming levels worldwide, exacerbated by the excessive prescription of these drugs, especially after surgical procedures, increasing the risk of dependence and abuse. It is estimated that up to 10% of patients develop persistent use, and overprescription not only affects individuals but also facilitates their availability and misuse in the community. It is crucial for healthcare professionals to work together to develop and implement safer and more effective strategies for postoperative pain management.

The Duffy protein, a transmembrane molecule, functions as a receptor for various chemokines and facilitates attachment between the reticulocyte and the Plasmodium Duffy antigen-binding protein. Duffy expression correlates with the Duffy receptor gene for the chemokine, located on chromosome 1, and exhibits geographical variability worldwide. Traditionally, researchers have described the Duffy negative genotype as a protective factor against Plasmodium vivax infection. However, recent studies suggest that this microorganism’s evolution could potentially diminish this protective effect. Nevertheless, there is currently insufficient global data to demonstrate this phenomenon. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between the Duffy genotype/phenotype and the prevalence of P. vivax infection. The protocol for the systematic review was registered in PROSPERO as CRD42022353427 and inv...