Cosmic Rays have come to play an important role in understanding the universe, and astroparticle physics has undergone major developments in the last few decades. As such, several observatories have been set up with the purpose of detecting these particles, and simulation frameworks have been developed in order to further analyze their behavior by creating highly variable environments and parameters. This work covers the essential theory required to study propagation of Ultra- High-Energy Cosmic Rays restricted to linear one-dimensional propagation only; this includes the primary methods of energy loss during propagation, mainly through reactions with the photon background like photo-pion production and photo-disintegration, and additional cosmological effects. The study was done using the CRPropa 3.0 simulation framework. To determine the best possible maximum energy for the simulations...

Cosmic Rays have come to play an important role in understanding the universe, and astroparticle physics has undergone major developments in the last few decades. As such, several observatories have been set up with the purpose of detecting these particles, and simulation frameworks have been developed in order to further analyze their behavior by creating highly variable environments and parameters. This work covers the essential theory required to study propagation of Ultra- High-Energy Cosmic Rays restricted to linear one-dimensional propagation only; this includes the primary methods of energy loss during propagation, mainly through reactions with the photon background like photo-pion production and photo-disintegration, and additional cosmological effects. The study was done using the CRPropa 3.0 simulation framework. To determine the best possible maximum energy for the simulations...