Background: There are studies evaluating cephalometric parameters in Class II division 2 patients. There are no similar investigations in Peru. Objective: To evaluate post-treatment changes in incisor inclination and position and their relationship with the nasolabial angle (ANL) and point A (PA) in Class II division 2 patients, with and without extractions in cases of the Orthodontic specialty program of the Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia. Material and methods: manual tracing and measurements of 62 lateral cephalometric radiographs (31 pre and 31 post-treatment) were performed, of patients with Malocclusion Class II division 2. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS 21.0 for Windows. Results: There was proinclination and incisive protrusion in all patients. In patients with extractions, the ANL presented non-significant changes, but significant correlations: when the lower i...

Pain associated with orthodontic treatment, which is both frequent and challenging, primarily arises following procedures such as the placement of interproximal elastic separators and the installation of archwires. This pain is often due to inflammation of the periodontium, leading to discomfort. Effective pharmacological management is essential to enhance patient comfort throughout orthodontic treatment. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and acetaminophen are commonly employed due to their proven efficacy and safety profiles. These medications help reduce both inflammation and pain, thereby improving patient tolerance of orthodontic procedures. When selecting an analgesic, it is important to consider factors such as the intensity of pain, pre-existing medical conditions, and potential drug interactions. Careful and supervised use of these medications helps minimize risks and...