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According to the self-determination theory (SDT), leaders may adopt a controlling motivational controlling style (CMS) that forces employees to think, feel, or behave in a certain way to promote employee motivation. However, a scale has yet to be developed to measure CMS in the work environment. Usually, researchers use questionnaires adapted to different contexts or designed for another motivational style. However, whether these questionnaires capture the behaviors that represent CMS in the work context is little known. This research aimed to elaborate on and analyze the validity and reliability of the questionnaire on Controlling Motivational Style at Work (CMS-W). The study was based on a literature review of the types of controlling behaviors and a review of questionnaires used by SDT researchers who assessed the controlling motivational style in different contexts. A Peruvian sample...

We describe the histopathological damage caused by parasite infection in farmed specimens of matrinxã Brycon cephalus, an economic important fish for aquaculture in the Amazon region. The fish were collected from an extensive fish farm, nearby the city of Nauta, Department of Loreto, Peru. Parasitic nematodes were found infecting the small intestine in 73 of 80 specimens (91.25%) of B. cephalus. According to morphological features of the examined specimens using light and electronic microscopy, the nematode was identified as Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) inopinatus. Histological sections of the small intestine showed important damages on the tissue, such as desquamation, abrasion, compression, hypertrophy, and villi loss as well as necrosis in muscle layer, submucosa, and mucosa. This is the first report of tissue damage occurrences in the concerned host from fish farm in Peruvian Ama...