Hub and spoke infringements involve illegal agreements between direct competitors (“spokes”) facilitated by a common supplier or customer (“hub”). These agreements combine vertical behaviors that may be seen as horizontal collusion by competition authorities. They are typically categorized as by-object infringements and carry significant penalties. Various actions, such as price indication and monitoring, are necessary to connect the vertical and horizontal aspects of the infringement. These practices pose challenges for competition law, such as reconciling them with legal concepts and determining the burden of proof. The authors aim to address these questions and evaluate hub and spoke infringement based on applicable rules, past decisions, and relevant literature.