Desde finales de la década del setenta, el Perú se ha consolidado como uno de los principales eslabones del tráfico internacional de cocaína ilícita a través de la producción de hoja de coca y pasta básica de cocaína. El carácter ilícito de esta actividad supone la existencia de dinámicas diferentes a las de un mercado legal –aunque no completamente distintas- como el uso de la violencia y la extorsión para llevar a cabo las transacciones comerciales (Gambetta, 2010) o la recurrencia a grupos armados que brinden protección y seguridad a las actividades ilícitas (Felbab-Brown, 2010). Por lo general, las actividades de producción de hoja de coca y de pasta básica de cocaína se realizan en “zonas marrones”, es decir, en áreas en donde la legalidad del Estado no tiene alcance o la tiene de manera muy limitada (O’Donnell, 1993, 2004)

The present article demonstrates the historical bases previous to the success of alternative development in the region San Martín. It shows that anti-drug policy was unable to successfully function during the 1980s due to an absence of basic security conditions in the region. The ar- ticle’s main objective consists in presenting how the state managed to meet said security condi- tions. Thus, this article is divided into two periods of analysis. First, it focuses on the time period from 1980 to 1989 and shows how generalized state repression resulted counterproductive in the region because of strong subversive forces. Second, it presents the time period from 1989 to 1995 and demonstrates how the exercise of sequential period of focalized repression facilitated an environment to fight against drug trafficking. In this way, the focalized strategy and sequence permitted the state ...

Desde finales de la década del setenta, el Perú se ha consolidado como uno de los principales eslabones del tráfico internacional de cocaína ilícita a través de la producción de hoja de coca y pasta básica de cocaína. El carácter ilícito de esta actividad supone la existencia de dinámicas diferentes a las de un mercado legal –aunque no completamente distintas- como el uso de la violencia y la extorsión para llevar a cabo las transacciones comerciales (Gambetta, 2010) o la recurrencia a grupos armados que brinden protección y seguridad a las actividades ilícitas (Felbab-Brown, 2010). Por lo general, las actividades de producción de hoja de coca y de pasta básica de cocaína se realizan en “zonas marrones”, es decir, en áreas en donde la legalidad del Estado no tiene alcance o la tiene de manera muy limitada (O’Donnell, 1993, 2004)

The present article demonstrates the historical bases previous to the success of alternative development in the region San Martín. It shows that anti-drug policy was unable to successfully function during the 1980s due to an absence of basic security conditions in the region. The ar- ticle’s main objective consists in presenting how the state managed to meet said security condi- tions. Thus, this article is divided into two periods of analysis. First, it focuses on the time period from 1980 to 1989 and shows how generalized state repression resulted counterproductive in the region because of strong subversive forces. Second, it presents the time period from 1989 to 1995 and demonstrates how the exercise of sequential period of focalized repression facilitated an environment to fight against drug trafficking. In this way, the focalized strategy and sequence permitted the state ...

No presenta resumen

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo presentar de manera sucinta el panorama actual de la política de drogas a nivel internacional y a nivel nacional. En primer lugar, se presenta que el régimen internacional de drogas prohibicionista se encuentra siendo fuertemente cuestionado y que actualmente en varios países se están probando vías alternativas para lidiar con el problema de las drogas. En segundo lugar, se muestra la situación peruana con respecto a la política de drogas y se muestra su particular reticencia a ejercer reformas similares a las de sus pares latinoamericanos. Finalmente, se presentan los principales grupos opositores a la política de drogas en el país, quienes buscan impulsar reformas en esta materia, pero que aún mantienen una capacidad limitada para hacer efectivas sus demandas. 

The present article demonstrates the historical bases previous to the success of alternative development in the region San Martín. It shows that anti-drug policy was unable to successfully function during the 1980s due to an absence of basic security conditions in the region. The ar- ticle’s main objective consists in presenting how the state managed to meet said security condi- tions. Thus, this article is divided into two periods of analysis. First, it focuses on the time period from 1980 to 1989 and shows how generalized state repression resulted counterproductive in the region because of strong subversive forces. Second, it presents the time period from 1989 to 1995 and demonstrates how the exercise of sequential period of focalized repression facilitated an environment to fight against drug trafficking. In this way, the focalized strategy and sequence permitted the state ...

The loss of biodiversity and species is one of the greatest contemporary challenges for the Earth system. Nowhere are these current losses as great as in tropical forests. However, an important part of the concerns about the state of biodiversity are based on the possible negative impacts on the ecosystem services that humans enjoy. Against this anthropocentric bias when evaluating the relevance of biodiversity loss, this thesis focuses its attention on other non-human forms of life threatened by anthropogenic pressures. In this way, it aims to respond to what are the drivers of the threat of extinction of mammals and birds in the tropics. The results underline the overall importance of geographic characteristics above other socioeconomic predictors. All models presented the insular factor as the most important element in advancing the risk of extinction of both mammals and birds. Contin...