Camelina, an annual oilseed crop, is gaining recognition as a sustainable alternative to traditional oilseeds due to its adaptability to marginal lands, low water requirements, and high oil content rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly alpha-linolenic acid. In Ethiopia, camelina holds promise for enhancing rural livelihoods, improving food security, and supporting industrial applications, including biodiesel, bioplastics, and animal feed. However, comprehensive studies on its agronomic viability, oil quality, and environmental impacts in Ethiopia are lacking. This review synthesizes existing literature from 2002 to 2024, focusing on camelina’s agronomic characteristics, oil quality, environmental benefits, and socioeconomic potential. Findings indicate that camelina thrives in poor soils, tolerates drought, and has a short growing season, making it suitable for Ethiopia’s...