The Peruvian economy depends on the export of its mineral resources for its growth. This dependence comes from the role of the country in the international division of labor and is expressed in its export, economic and business structure. Peru dependence on its mineral resources, an economic structure made up mainly of non-tradable sectors and a business structure dominated by micro-enterprises, which makes lasting economic progress very difficult. We argue that the Peruvian economy is divided into an advanced economy and a subsistence capitalist economy (ECS). This structural characteristic of the Peruvian economy prevents the successful implementation of a process that would make the country less dependent on its natural resources and could place it on a path towards development based on greater added value production.

The growth of the exports of the country natural resources and foreign investment in the extractivist sectors are crucial for the development of Peruvian economy. Since the 1990s, the economic development model has been based on the export of commodities and the markets deregulation. In this article we argue that the continuity of the extractivist development model of the country is the consequence of the interaction between the objective and subjective conditions of the Peruvian capitalist development. The analysis of the objective conditions focuses on the role of the country in the international division of labor, the relation between this role and the economic and corporate structure of Peru, and the functionality of the extractivist development model for the Peruvian State. In the case of the subjective conditions, the force of political left, the workers movement and the social mov...

The The role of Peru in the international division of labor is the structural condition for labor precariousness in the country. At a more concrete level, labor precariousness is the expression of the economic and business structure of the country. An economic structure heavily dependent on the non-tradable sectors and a business structure dominated by micro business undertakings do not permit the eradication of precarious labor conditions as economic growth hinges on economic progress abroad and precariousness is the source of profit of micro companies. Labor precariousness in Peru is not an automatic result of the country’s role in the globalized capitalist world, but the social and economic consequence of the neoliberal policies implemented in the 1990s and, in particular, of the current development model in place.

Peru has become one of the most affected and infected countries by COVID-19. The expansion of the virus could not be contained by a complete lockdown and a state of emergency. The reopening of the economy increased the expansion of COVID-19. Peru’s role in the international division of labor, the country’s company structure, high levels of informality and the general use of temporary contracts are the structural conditions on which the expansion of COVID-19 in the country rests. For in Metropolitan Lima, districts with a more than average rate of informality have also a more than average rate of COVID-19 infections. In this article, it is argued that COVID-19 is not a democratic virus but a class virus. As such, it is contended that the neoliberal development model has been responsible for the government’s limitation to implement measures according to the country’s social and eco...

Peru remains an underdeveloped country, although in recent decadesthe real Gross Domestic Product has increased substantially. The countrycannot develop if the structural conditions of underdevelopment have notbeen eliminated. One of the main reasons for Peru’s underdevelopment isthe country’s role in the globalized capitalist world as a provider of natural resources for economic development in the global north. This role is not theconsequence of their possession of abundant raw materials necessary forcapitalist development in this area, but rather the historical result of havingtheir own (capitalist) development disrupted by colonial exploitation andoppression. The current economic development model is closely relatedto Peru’s role in the international division of labor. The country’s economicand business structures are, in part, internal expressions of the country’sfunction i...

La economía peruana depende para su crecimiento principalmente de la exportación desus recursos minerales y la inversión en el sector minero. El aporte fiscal del sector mineropermite al país financiar sus crecientes gastos sociales. En el contexto de la disminuciónde los valores de exportación de productos mineros del país, se argumenta que laconsecuencia natural del modelo de desarrollo actual del Perú es promover el mismomodelo de desarrollo basado en la extracción de recursos naturales. Esta consecuenciase explica en base a lo que el autor denomina la economía política de la insostenibilidad.Por un lado, este concepto ayuda a comprender la dependencia política y económica delpaís de la economía mundial en general y del capital minero transnacional en particular.Por otro lado, contribuye a la comprensión de las estructuras nacionales y la correlaciónde fuerzas de clas...

La economía peruana depende para su crecimiento de la exportación de sus recursos minerales. Esta dependencia se deriva del rol del país en la división internacional del trabajo y se expresa en su estructura de exportación, en su estructura económica y en su estructura empresarial. La dependencia del Perú de sus recursos minerales, una estructura económica que está compuesta, principalmente, por sectores no transables y una estructura empresarial dominada por microempresas, hace que el progreso económico duradero sea muy difícil. Argumentamos que la economía peruana está dividida en una economía avanzada y una economía capitalista de subsistencia (ECS). Esta característica estructural de la economía peruana impide la implementación exitosa de un proceso que haría al país menos dependiente de sus recursos naturales y lo podría colocar en un camino hacia un desarrollo ...

The growth of the exports of the country natural resources and foreign investment in the extractivist sectors are crucial for the development of Peruvian economy. Since the 1990s, the economic development model has been based on the export of commodities and the markets deregulation. In this article we argue that the continuity of the extractivist development model of the country is the consequence of the interaction between the objective and subjective conditions of the Peruvian capitalist development. The analysis of the objective conditions focuses on the role of the country in the international division of labor, the relation between this role and the economic and corporate structure of Peru, and the functionality of the extractivist development model for the Peruvian State. In the case of the subjective conditions, the force of political left, the workers movement and the social mov...

La economía peruana depende para su crecimiento de la exportación de sus recursos minerales. Los gobiernos peruanos dependen en gran medida de la contribución fiscal del sector minero para financiar sus gastos sociales. El núcleo del actual modelo de desarrollo económico es la exportación de los commodities del país y el (relativamente) libre funcionamiento libre de los mercados. Argumentamos que la división internacional del trabajo es la causa principal y estructural de la continuidad del actual modelo extractivista de desarrollo. La dependencia del país del desarrollo económico en el Norte Global y la particularidad de su estructura económica y empresarial no solo son productos del rol del Perú en el mundo capitalista globalizado, sino también fortalece este rol. Las políticas gubernamentales que promueven el modelo de desarrollo peruano son el resultado de la correlaci�...

The The role of Peru in the international division of labor is the structural condition for labor precariousness in the country. At a more concrete level, labor precariousness is the expression of the economic and business structure of the country. An economic structure heavily dependent on the non-tradable sectors and a business structure dominated by micro business undertakings do not permit the eradication of precarious labor conditions as economic growth hinges on economic progress abroad and precariousness is the source of profit of micro companies. Labor precariousness in Peru is not an automatic result of the country’s role in the globalized capitalist world, but the social and economic consequence of the neoliberal policies implemented in the 1990s and, in particular, of the current development model in place.

The Peruvian economy depends for its growth on the export of its mineral resources. Peruvian governments depend to a large extent on the fiscal contribution of the mining sector to finance their social expenditures. The core of the current extractive development model is the export of the country’s commodities and the (relatively) free functioning of the markets. We argue that the international division of labor is the main and structural cause of the continuity of the Peruvian extractivist development model. The country’s dependence on economic development in the Global North and the particularity of its economic and business structure are not only products of Peru’s role in the globalized capitalist world, but also strengthen this role. Governmental policies that promote the Peruvian development model are the result of the correlation of economic forces in favor of extractive cap...

El Perú es un país de microempresas. La gran mayoría de la población económicamente activa trabaja en estos tipos de negocios. Las microempresas no solamente son esenciales para la población sino también para las empresas medianas y grandes a través de la tercerización. Encontramos microempresas en todos los sectores económicos. La razón principal por el hecho de que el Perú es un país de microempresas es el rol del país en la división internacional de trabajo. Las microempresas se caracterizan por bajos niveles de productividad y una falta de inversiones en tecnología y capital humano. La situación precaria del microempresario es una de las razones por la situación precaria del trabajador y empleado en microempresas. Concluimos que el Perú está a la vanguardia del trabajo indecente. En cierta forma, el Estado peruano estimulo y profundiza esta situación a través de...