Few studies have explored the dermatological effects of exposure to petroleum. This narrative review aimed to identify the most common skin diseases related to this exposure. A literature search from 2019 to 2024 was performed in PubMed, Scopus, SciELO, and LILACS in both English and Spanish. Fifty-two publications were included. Petroleum mainly consists of hydrocarbons; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons induce skin effects through a cycle of oxidative stress, inflammation, and skin barrier dysfunction. Frequently reported conditions included acne, cancer, dermatitis, burns, pigment changes, and unspecified disorders. Nail and hair issues were also noted. Exposure to petroleum induces distinct dermatological pathologies and worsens existing conditions. More epidemiological and experimental studies are needed to fully understand the underlying mechanisms.