This article analyzes the evolution of relations between the executive and legislative branches in Peru between 2001 and 2022 in a context marked by the low institutionalization of the party system, parliamentary fragmentation, and a presidential form of government with parliamentary features. Based on a qualitative-descriptive methodological strategy and the use of legislative and partisan indicators, three distinct stages were identified in that period: an initial stage of relative cooperation (2001-2011), a stage of growing presidential isolation (2011-2016) and a final stage of open confrontation between powers (2016-2022), characterized by governmental instability and various constitutional crises. The central hypothesis argues that the Peruvian presidential variant, together with the constant existence of minority governments and scarce democratic commitment on the part of key acto...

El presente artículo analiza la evolución de las relaciones entre el Poder Ejecutivo y el Legislativo en el Perú entre 2001 y 2022, en un contexto marcado por la baja institucionalización del sistema de partidos, la fragmentación parlamentaria y una forma de gobierno presidencial con rasgos parlamentarizados. A partir de una estrategia metodológica cualitativa-descriptiva y el uso de indicadores legislativos y partidarios, se identifican tres etapas diferenciadas en dicho período: una inicial de cooperación relativa (2001-2011), una de creciente aislamiento presidencial (2011-2016) y una final de abierta confrontación entre poderes (2016-2022), caracterizada por la inestabilidad gubernamental y diversas crisis constitucionales. La hipótesis central sostiene que la variante presidencial peruana, unida a la constante existencia de Gobiernos en minoría y a un escaso compromiso de...

This study analyzes Peru’s political trajectory after the recovery of its democracy in 2001 and until Castillo’s failed self-coup in 2022. Accordingly, it examines the main formal characteristics of its form of government, the main indicators of the party system, and the relationships between powers during the period in question. Thus, this period stands out for growing executive instability, with the permanence of heads of state, premiers, and ministers being increasingly fleeting. Likewise, the Congress was characterized by progressive distancing and hostility, reflected in a notable use of the motion of censure and impeachment, as well as a high level of fragmentation and transfuguism. Apparently, the parliamentary design of Peruvian presidentialism, in combination with its non-existent party system and the low democratic commitment of the main political leaders, would explain the...

This research addresses the role played by the Autonomous Constitutional Bodies (OCA) within presidentialism in the Mexican political system. It starts with the analysis of the presidential regime and the Mexican variant, paying special attention to the democratic transition in the 1990s. Subsequently, it analyzes from a constitutional and political point of view, one of the main Mexican constitutional innovations that paved the way for the creation of the OCAs, which facilitated the loss of constitutional powers of the head of state and the end of imperial presidentialism. To facilitate their understanding and legal configuration, the specific case of the National Human Rights Commission (CNDH) is analyzed, which exemplifies well the limits of these institutions, but also their capacity to modernize and democratize the Mexican State. However, this type of institutions would apparently b...

This study analyzes Peru’s political trajectory after the recovery of its democracy in 2001 and until Castillo’s failed self-coup in 2022. Accordingly, it examines the main formal characteristics of its form of government, the main indicators of the party system, and the relationships between powers during the period in question. Thus, this period stands out for growing executive instability, with the permanence of heads of state, premiers, and ministers being increasingly fleeting. Likewise, the Congress was characterized by progressive distancing and hostility, reflected in a notable use of the motion of censure and impeachment, as well as a high level of fragmentation and transfuguism. Apparently, the parliamentary design of Peruvian presidentialism, in combination with its non-existent party system and the low democratic commitment of the main political leaders, would explain the...