In Bolivia there is a strong debate about the precision in the estimation of results disseminated by opinion studies on electoral matters, especially in the last general elections of the 2020 administration, essentially the pre-election polls that estimate the percentage of intention to vote of a candidate running for political authority. In this study, it was analyzed how pre-election surveys should be structured mainly in the part of the sample design, on the other hand, the results released by companies authorized to carry out these studies were analyzed, special emphasis was also placed on the margin of error that is a very important element in the dissemination of results. Likewise, the results of the last general elections 2020 were compared. Finally, the standard error of the valid vote for each candidate was estimated with the Boostrap resampling method using the free software R.

In recent decades, the hydrocarbon sector has taken on vital importance in the Bolivian economy, especially natural gas, since it constitutes a good source of income for the State. For this reason, this article analyzes whether the increase in exports of natural gas volumes and foreign direct investment had a positive result in the economic growth of Bolivia. Likewise, it is determined how the nationalization of hydrocarbons, in 2006, had a positive or negative impact on the Bolivian economy. For this, first, unit root tests were applied, then statistical cointegration tests and error correction vectors were estimated to determine the existence of a long-term relationship and the possible causality between the variables. In this way, the estimates show a long-term relationship between GDP, FDI, the export of natural gas and the sale price of natural gas, however, there are no short-term ...