Bioremediation is one of the methods to eliminate metallic pollutants from leach mining. Its use provide technical and economical adventages compared to ionic exchange or membranes. In bioacumulation, a type of bioremediation, metal ions are incorporated into microorganism cells, its inconvenient is necessity to prepare cultures media and special conditions to mantain biomass. On the other hand, biosorption uses natural polymers, called biopolymers; functional features of these macromolecules give them metallic adsorption capacity in predetermined conditions; some of them are algae derivatives like alginates, poliamides from hair, colagen from bond tissues or chitin and chitosan extracted from crustaceous shells. Specially chitosan could be obtained from chitin, second most abundant biopolymer in nature next to cellulose, its main source is food industry of prown, shrimp, crab and simila...

Bioremediation is one of the methods to eliminate metallic pollutants from leach mining. Its use provide technical and economical adventages compared to ionic exchange or membranes. In bioacumulation, a type of bioremediation, metal ions are incorporated into microorganism cells, its inconvenient is necessity to prepare cultures media and special conditions to mantain biomass. On the other hand, biosorption uses natural polymers, called biopolymers; functional features of these macromolecules give them metallic adsorption capacity in predetermined conditions; some of them are algae derivatives like alginates, poliamides from hair, colagen from bond tissues or chitin and chitosan extracted from crustaceous shells. Specially chitosan could be obtained from chitin, second most abundant biopolymer in nature next to cellulose, its main source is food industry of prown, shrimp, crab and simila...

A first need for the interpretation of atomic spectra lead physicist and chemists towards a continuous development of models in order to understand the order, known as electronic configuration, within an atom. Since Bohr's model, it was accepted that a signa! in a spectrum corresponds to an electronic transition; nowadays the complexity of energy levels, generated by unpaired electrons in an orbital, can be understood in terms of L and S coupling in lighter atoms. This article details the extent of the use of such diagrams, expecting to be a reference in order to achieve the method and its results.

A first need for the interpretation of atomic spectra lead physicist and chemists towards a continuous development of models in order to understand the order, known as electronic configuration, within an atom. Since Bohr's model, it was accepted that a signa! in a spectrum corresponds to an electronic transition; nowadays the complexity of energy levels, generated by unpaired electrons in an orbital, can be understood in terms of L and S coupling in lighter atoms. This article details the extent of the use of such diagrams, expecting to be a reference in order to achieve the method and its results.

A first need for the interpretation of atomic spectra lead physicist and chemists towards a continuous development of models in order to understand the order, known as electronic configuration, within an atom. Since Bohr's model, it was accepted that a signa! in a spectrum corresponds to an electronic transition; nowadays the complexity of energy levels, generated by unpaired electrons in an orbital, can be understood in terms of L and S coupling in lighter atoms. This article details the extent of the use of such diagrams, expecting to be a reference in order to achieve the method and its results.