The article presents aging as a multifactorial, progressive biological process shaped by intersecting theories, with special focus on oxidative stress and free radical involvement. The Free Radical Theory of Aging posits that reactive oxygen species (ROS), produced both endogenously and via environmental exposures, induce cumulative molecular damage to lipids, proteins, and DNA impacting cellular and tissue integrity. This oxidative stress contributes to age-related degenerative diseases such as cancer and Alzheimer’s. Although antioxidants (both endogenous enzymes and exogenous dietary compounds) offer protective mechanisms against ROS, empirical evidence on their efficacy in extending lifespan remains inconclusive, largely due to bioavailability challenges and systemic complexity. The article also addresses mitochondrial dysfunction and genomic instability especially mitochondrial DN...

The article presents aging as a multifactorial, progressive biological process shaped by intersecting theories, with special focus on oxidative stress and free radical involvement. The Free Radical Theory of Aging posits that reactive oxygen species (ROS), produced both endogenously and via environmental exposures, induce cumulative molecular damage to lipids, proteins, and DNA impacting cellular and tissue integrity. This oxidative stress contributes to age-related degenerative diseases such as cancer and Alzheimer’s. Although antioxidants (both endogenous enzymes and exogenous dietary compounds) offer protective mechanisms against ROS, empirical evidence on their efficacy in extending lifespan remains inconclusive, largely due to bioavailability challenges and systemic complexity. The article also addresses mitochondrial dysfunction and genomic instability especially mitochondrial DN...