Land-use change in the Central Andes of Peru has led to the widespread conversion of tropical montane forests, significantly reducing their carbon storage capacity. This study estimated aboveground and soil carbon stocks across a disturbance gradient: croplands (C), agroforestry systems (AF), regenerating montane forests (BMR), and conserved montane forests (BMC). Using destructive and non-destructive sampling, 61 plots (0.1 ha each) were assessed, measuring live and dead aboveground biomass, fine roots, and soil organic carbon down to 1 meter. Results show that BMC had the highest total carbon stock (575.33 ± 215.4 Mg C ha⁻¹), followed by BMR (386.53 ± 186.6), AF (276.69 ± 172.5), and C (205.14 ± 114.03). Soil organic carbon was the dominant carbon pool across all land uses, contributing between 93% (in croplands) and 62% (in conserved forests) of total carbon, highlighting its c...