*

Genetic study of gemelarity is a learning continuum. Intense research has not yet determined genes intervening and leading to blastocyst division that originate two identical individuals but possible mechanisms are unveiled as well as differences between monozygotic and dizygotic twins.

This review describes the genes involved in the immune and angiogenic processes that lead to normal placenta development and vascularity. Any change in this fragile equilibrium may predispose to preeclampsia.

.

Preeclampsia is a multifactorial and complex condition whose etiology continues in study.Identification of genes involved in preeclampsia may lead to markers that may predict and/ordetect preeclampsia, and the discovery of specific and personalized treatments.Keywords: Preeclampsia, genetics.

Miscarriages without chromosome abnormalities are difficult to deal with. A normal karyotype does not rule out the genetic origin of a pregnancy loss. Mutations of certain genes that intervene in immunologic, coagulation, metabolic and implantation processes among others could cause spontaneous abortions. This review would show the most recent research in these fields. Also, we discuss how perinatal mortality and congenital malformations should be approached in order to obtain an appropriate diagnosis and offer genetic counseling.

Non-invasive prenatal test (NIPT) is a screening method that identifies pregnant women with a high aneuploidy risk, specifically for trisomy 21, 18, 13, and chromosome X anomalies. NIPT analyzes free fetal DNA found in maternal blood. In this review, we describe the benefits, disadvantages and study indications.

Preeclampsia is a multifactorial and complex condition whose etiology continues in study.Identification of genes involved in preeclampsia may lead to markers that may predict and/ordetect preeclampsia, and the discovery of specific and personalized treatments.Keywords: Preeclampsia, genetics.

Miscarriages without chromosome abnormalities are difficult to deal with. A normal karyotype does not rule out the genetic origin of a pregnancy loss. Mutations of certain genes that intervene in immunologic, coagulation, metabolic and implantation processes among others could cause spontaneous abortions. This review would show the most recent research in these fields. Also, we discuss how perinatal mortality and congenital malformations should be approached in order to obtain an appropriate diagnosis and offer genetic counseling.