The oral microbiota represents a dynamic and complex ecosystem that harbors between 500 and 1500 species of microorganisms, ranking second in diversity within the human organism. This literature review analyzes the relationship between the oral microbiota and periodontal health, examining the factors that influence its balance and the consequences of its disruption. The oral microbiota maintains a symbiotic balance, which is essential for oral health. The imbalance of this ecosystem (dysbiosis) is directly related to periodontal diseases, where Socransky's red complex, particularly the species Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia, play a fundamental role. Other relevant microorganisms such as Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans are also identified. The composition of the oral microbio...