The aim of this study was to characterize the main indications, contraindications, and prophylactic actions for third molar extraction according to the literature. The Pubmed, Scopus and Web of Science databases were searched using a total of 3 search keys, including publications up to 5 years old, in English or Spanish, with availability of full text. Eighteen articles were selected and showed that the most frequent indication for third molar extraction was the diagnosis of pericoronaritis, followed by distal cervical caries in the lower second molar, and root resorption in adjacent teeth and cysts. In turn, it may be indicated to facilitate other types of dental treatment, such as orthodontics, orthognathic surgery, and rehabilitation. In relation to contraindications, the risk of intraoperative complications was associated with the inferior alveolar nerve, advanced age and the predomi...