In aquaculture, the intensification of cultures of aquatic organisms to obtain large volumes of production leads to the establishment of an environment that generates stress. These conditions weaken the immune system of these organisms, which increases the spread of diseases and generates great economic losses. One of the factors responsible for the mortality of cultivated species is fungal infections. In farms, the handling procedures that are carried out during the incubation, rearing and fattening stages are important for the final yield. One of the crucial stages is incubation as there is usually a high degree of mortality at this stage. Several studies have been conducted using chemical products for the prophylaxis, disinfection and control of mycoses. This use has caused the resistance of pathogens and the accumulation of residues in the tissues of aquatic organisms or in the envir...

The aim of this study was to analyse the histological characteristics of the liver of the llama. Twenty adult llamas, males and females, with an average age of two years were studied. Samples were processed using the following techniques: haematoxylin-eosin staining, Masson's trichrome stain, reticulin, orcein, PAS, immunohistochemistry, and transmission electron microscopy. The characteristics of the liver parenchyma and stroma were similar to those found in other mammals. However, interlobular connective tissue similar to that described for the genus Camelus was not observed. The differences in the liver of the species of the Camelus and Lama genuses showed the need to carry out studies of the organs in all species and highlights the importance of not generalizing from other species of the same family.