This research summary has been developed according to the guidelines established by the Institute of Economic and Social Research (IECOS) of the FIECS UNI and aims to describe in summary form the background and most relevant aspects of the process of urban development of the city of Lima, emphasizing them for the period between the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, during which the most important changes registered by the capital of the country took place, in its transition from a colonial city to a modern Lima that appeared in the first decades of the last century and laid the foundations for the subsequent urban growth of the city.

The formulation and evaluation of investment projects is an adequate methodological instrument that contributes to the correct allocation of scarce State resources, within a framework of efficiency and equity. In our country it is directed by the National Investment System of the Ministry of Economy and Finance (MEF). The UNI - FIEECS Master's Degree in Investment Projects trains specialists who contribute to the realization of this important objective.

From 1990 to 2000, Ecuadorian indigenous peoples were the protagonists of a social and political movement that managed to participate in the forefront of the struggle for power. For the first time, thousands of community members forced the authorities to recognize them and negotiate directly with them; at the climax one of its leaders was incorporated into the top of the government. The author exposes the background, rebellion describes it as indigenous, discusses its cultural characteristics, raises the challenges that remain pending to achieve an inclusive society, perhaps the most important challenge faced by Latin American societies with a significant indigenous population and history.