Psychometric Properties of the GAD-7, GAD-2, and GAD-Mini in Peruvian College Students
Descripción del Articulo
The psychometric properties of the General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) and its ultra-short versions, the GAD-2 and the GAD-Mini, were evaluated in a sample of 407 students from two Peruvian universities (259 females and 148 males). First, a structural analysis was performed using the CFA, showing a g...
| Autores: | , |
|---|---|
| Formato: | artículo |
| Fecha de Publicación: | 2022 |
| Institución: | Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola |
| Repositorio: | Revistas - Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola |
| Lenguaje: | español inglés |
| OAI Identifier: | oai:revistas.usil.edu.pe:article/1437 |
| Enlace del recurso: | https://revistas.usil.edu.pe/index.php/pyr/article/view/1437 |
| Nivel de acceso: | acceso abierto |
| Materia: | General Anxiety Disorder-7 Ansiedad Análisis factorial Estudiantes universitarios Anxiety Factor analysis University students |
| id |
REVUSIL_fffc6680974599a9a99ce53952bef349 |
|---|---|
| oai_identifier_str |
oai:revistas.usil.edu.pe:article/1437 |
| network_acronym_str |
REVUSIL |
| network_name_str |
Revistas - Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola |
| repository_id_str |
. |
| dc.title.none.fl_str_mv |
Psychometric Properties of the GAD-7, GAD-2, and GAD-Mini in Peruvian College Students Propiedades psicométricas del GAD-7, GAD-2 y GAD-Mini en universitarios peruanos |
| title |
Psychometric Properties of the GAD-7, GAD-2, and GAD-Mini in Peruvian College Students |
| spellingShingle |
Psychometric Properties of the GAD-7, GAD-2, and GAD-Mini in Peruvian College Students Franco-Jimenez, Rulman Andrei General Anxiety Disorder-7 Ansiedad Análisis factorial Estudiantes universitarios General Anxiety Disorder-7 Anxiety Factor analysis University students |
| title_short |
Psychometric Properties of the GAD-7, GAD-2, and GAD-Mini in Peruvian College Students |
| title_full |
Psychometric Properties of the GAD-7, GAD-2, and GAD-Mini in Peruvian College Students |
| title_fullStr |
Psychometric Properties of the GAD-7, GAD-2, and GAD-Mini in Peruvian College Students |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Psychometric Properties of the GAD-7, GAD-2, and GAD-Mini in Peruvian College Students |
| title_sort |
Psychometric Properties of the GAD-7, GAD-2, and GAD-Mini in Peruvian College Students |
| dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv |
Franco-Jimenez, Rulman Andrei Nuñez-Magallanes, Amanda |
| author |
Franco-Jimenez, Rulman Andrei |
| author_facet |
Franco-Jimenez, Rulman Andrei Nuñez-Magallanes, Amanda |
| author_role |
author |
| author2 |
Nuñez-Magallanes, Amanda |
| author2_role |
author |
| dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv |
General Anxiety Disorder-7 Ansiedad Análisis factorial Estudiantes universitarios General Anxiety Disorder-7 Anxiety Factor analysis University students |
| topic |
General Anxiety Disorder-7 Ansiedad Análisis factorial Estudiantes universitarios General Anxiety Disorder-7 Anxiety Factor analysis University students |
| description |
The psychometric properties of the General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) and its ultra-short versions, the GAD-2 and the GAD-Mini, were evaluated in a sample of 407 students from two Peruvian universities (259 females and 148 males). First, a structural analysis was performed using the CFA, showing a good fit with respect to the instrument's unifactorial model χ²(14) = 31.717, CFI = .995, TLI = .992, RMSEA = .056, SRMR = .026. In addition, a measurement invariance analysis was performed, finding a stable unifactorial structure considering sex. Furthermore, evidence of convergent validity was analyzed in the GAD-7 and its ultra-short versions, presenting moderate correlations with instruments such as the PHQ-2 and the AAQ-II. The internal consistency of the instruments was evaluated using the omega coefficient and obtained high values of .89, .80, and .79 in the GAD-7, GAD-2, and GAD-Mini respectively. Therefore, it is concluded that the GAD-7 is a unifactorial instrument, invariant according to sex, with adequate internal consistency and convergent validity as well as its ultra-short versions in the sample studied. |
| publishDate |
2022 |
| dc.date.none.fl_str_mv |
2022-04-22 |
| dc.type.none.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion |
| format |
article |
| status_str |
publishedVersion |
| dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv |
https://revistas.usil.edu.pe/index.php/pyr/article/view/1437 10.20511/pyr2022.v10n1.1437 |
| url |
https://revistas.usil.edu.pe/index.php/pyr/article/view/1437 |
| identifier_str_mv |
10.20511/pyr2022.v10n1.1437 |
| dc.language.none.fl_str_mv |
spa eng |
| language |
spa eng |
| dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv |
https://revistas.usil.edu.pe/index.php/pyr/article/view/1437/1635 https://revistas.usil.edu.pe/index.php/pyr/article/view/1437/1731 https://revistas.usil.edu.pe/index.php/pyr/article/view/1437/1724 /*ref*/Ahn, J.-K., Kim, Y., y Choi, K.H. (2019). The Psychometric Properties and Clinical Utility of the Korean Version of GAD-7 and GAD-2. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10, 127. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00127 /*ref*/Ato, M., López-García, J. J., y Benavente, A. (2013). Un sistema de clasificación de los diseños de investigación en psicología. Anales de Psicología, 29(3), 1038–1059. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.29.3.178511 /*ref*/Auerbach, R. P., Alonso, J., Axinn, W. G., Cuijpers, P., Ebert, D. D., Green, J. G., Hwang, I., Kessler, R. C., Liu, H., Mortier, P., Nock, M. K., Pinder-Amaker, S., Sampson, N. A., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Al-Hamzawi, A., Andrade, L. H., Benjet, C., Caldas-de-Almeida, J. M., Demyttenaere, K., … Bruffaerts, R. (2016). Mental disorders among college students in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. Psychological Medicine, 46(14), 2955–2970. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291716001665 /*ref*/Barrera-Barrera, R., Navarro-García, A., y Peris-Ortiz, M. (2015). El papel de la invarianza factorial en la validación del constructo calidad de servicio electrónico. Revista Europea de Dirección y Economía de La Empresa, 24(1), 13–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redee.2014.07.001 /*ref*/Bártolo, A., Monteiro, S., y Pereira, A. (2017). Factor structure and construct validity of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7) among Portuguese college students. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 33(9), e00212716. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x00212716 /*ref*/Berghoff, C. R., Tull, M. T., DiLillo, D., Messman-Moore, T., y Gratz, K. L. (2017). The role of experiential avoidance in the relation between anxiety disorder diagnoses and future physical health symptoms in a community sample of young adult women. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 6(1), 29–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2016.11.002 /*ref*/Boehm, M. A., Lei, Q. M., Lloyd, R. M., y Prichard, J. R. (2016). Depression, anxiety, and tobacco use: Overlapping impediments to sleep in a national sample of college students. Journal of American College Health, 64(7), 565–574. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2016.1205073 /*ref*/Borgogna, N. C., Brenner, R. E., y McDermott, R. C. (2021). Sexuality and gender invariance of the PHQ-9 and GAD-7: Implications for 16 identity groups. Journal of Affective Disorders, 278, 122–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.09.069 /*ref*/Byrd-Bredbenner, C., Eck, K., y Quick, V. (2020). Psychometric Properties of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-Mini in United States University Students. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 2512. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.550533 /*ref*/Byrne, B. M. (2008). Testing for multigroup equivalence of a measuring instrument: A walk through the process. Psicothema, 20(4), 872–882. /*ref*/Camargo, L., Herrera-Pino, J., Shelach, S., Soto-Añari, M., Porto, M. F., Alonso, M., González, M., Contreras, O., Caldichoury, N., Ramos-Henderson, M., Gargiulo, P., y López, N. (2021). Escala de ansiedad generalizada GAD-7 en profesionales médicos colombianos durante pandemia de COVID-19: validez de constructo y confiabilidad. Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría. Publicación anticipada en línea https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcp.2021.06.003 /*ref*/Cao, W., Fang, Z., Hou, G., Han, M., Xu, X., Dong, J., y Zheng, J. (2020). The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Research, 287, 112934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934 /*ref*/Caycho-Rodríguez, T., Barboza-Palomino, M., Ventura-León, J., Carbajal-León, C., Noé-Grijalva, M., Gallegos, M., Reyes-Bossio, M., y Vivanco-Vidal, A. (2020). Traducción al español y validación de una medida breve de ansiedad por la COVID-19 en estudiantes de ciencias de la salud. Ansiedad y Estrés, 26(2–3), 174–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anyes.2020.08.001 /*ref*/Cheung, G. W., y Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating Goodness-of-Fit Indexes for Testing Measurement Invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 9(2), 233–255. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5 /*ref*/Cho, E. (2016). Making Reliability Reliable. Organizational Research Methods, 19(4), 651–682. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428116656239 /*ref*/Clark, D. A., Steer, R. A., y Beck, A. T. (1994). Common and specific dimensions of self-reported anxiety and depression: Implications for the cognitive and tripartite models. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103(4), 645–654. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.103.4.645 /*ref*/Conway, K. P., Compton, W., Stinson, F. S., y Grant, B. F. (2006). Lifetime Comorbidity of DSM-IV Mood and Anxiety Disorders and Specific Drug Use Disorders. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 67(02), 247–258. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.v67n0211 /*ref*/Delgadillo, J., Payne, S., Gilbody, S., Godfrey, C., Gore, S., Jessop, D., y Dale, V. (2012). Brief case finding tools for anxiety disorders: Validation of GAD-7 and GAD-2 in addictions treatment. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 125(1–2), 37–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.03.011 /*ref*/Dixon, S. K., y Kurpius, S. E. R. (2008). Depression and College Stress Among University Undergraduates: Do Mattering and Self-Esteem Make a Difference? Journal of College Student Development, 49(5), 412–424. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.0.0024 Donker, T., van Straten, A., Marks, I., y Cuijpers, P. (2011). Quick and easy self-rating of Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Validity of the Dutch web-based GAD-7, GAD-2 and GAD-SI. Psychiatry Research, 188(1), 58–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2011.01.016 /*ref*/Esser, P., Hartung, T. J., Friedrich, M., Johansen, C., Wittchen, H.-U., Faller, H., Koch, U., Härter, M., Keller, M., Schulz, H., Wegscheider, K., Weis, J., y Mehnert, A. (2018). The Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener (GAD-7) and the anxiety module of the Hospital and Depression Scale (HADS-A) as screening tools for generalized anxiety disorder among cancer patients. Psycho-Oncology, 27(6), 1509–1516. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.4681 /*ref*/García-Campayo, J., Zamorano, E., Ruíz, M. A., Pardo, A., Freire, O., Pérez-Páramo, M., López-Gómez, V., y Rejas, J. (2009). Cultural Adaptation into Spanish of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale - 7 (GAD-7) Scale. European Psychiatry, 24(S1), 1–1. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-9338(09)70771-0 /*ref*/Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K., Wilson, K. G., Bissett, R. T., Pistorello, J., Toarmino, D., Polusny, M. A., Dykstra, T. A., Batten, S. v., Bergan, J., Stewart, S. H., Zvolensky, M. J., Eifert, G. H., Bond, F. W., Forsyth, J. P., Karekla, M., y McCurry, S. M. (2004). Measuring experiential avoidance: A preliminary test of a working model. The Psychological Record, 54(4), 553–578. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03395492 /*ref*/Hinz, A., Klein, A. M., Brähler, E., Glaesmer, H., Luck, T., Riedel-Heller, S. G., Wirkner, K., y Hilbert, A. (2017). Psychometric evaluation of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener GAD-7, based on a large German general population sample. Journal of Affective Disorders, 210, 338–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.12.012 /*ref*/Hofmann, S. G., y Hinton, D. E. (2014). Cross-Cultural Aspects of Anxiety Disorders. Current Psychiatry Reports, 16(6), 450. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-014-0450-3 /*ref*/Hu, L., y Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118 /*ref*/Hughes, A. J., Dunn, K. M., Chaffee, T., Bhattarai, J. (Jackie), y Beier, M. (2018). Diagnostic and Clinical Utility of the GAD-2 for Screening Anxiety Symptoms in Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 99(10), 2045–2049. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2018.05.029 /*ref*/Jordan, P., Shedden-Mora, M. C., y Löwe, B. (2017). Psychometric analysis of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7) in primary care using modern item response theory. PLOS ONE, 12(8), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0182162 /*ref*/Kerlinger, F. N., y Lee, H. B. (2002). Investigación del Comportamiento: Métodos de Investigación en Ciencias Sociales. McGraw-Hill Interamericana. /*ref*/Konkan, R., Şenormanci, Ö., Güçlü, O., Aydin, E., y Z. Sungur, M. (2013). Yaygın Anksiyete Bozukluğu-7 (YAB-7) Testi Türkçe Uyarlaması, Geçerlik ve Güvenirliği. Nöro Psikiyatri Arşivi, 50(1), 53–58. https://doi.org/10.4274/npa.y6308 /*ref*/Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., y Williams, J. B. W. (2003). The Patient Health Questionnaire-2. Medical Care, 41(11), 1284–1292. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.MLR.0000093487.78664.3C /*ref*/Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. W., Monahan, P. O., y Löwe, B. (2007). Anxiety Disorders in Primary Care: Prevalence, Impairment, Comorbidity, and Detection. Annals of Internal Medicine, 146(5), 317-325. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-146-5-200703060-00004 /*ref*/Kumaraswamy, N. (2013). International Review of Social Sciences and Humanities Academic Stress, Anxiety and Depression among College Students-A Brief Review. International Review of Social Sciences and Humanities, 5(1), 135–143. https://tinyurl.com/5e8a5n6m /*ref*/LeViness, P., Bershad, C., Gorman, K., Braun, L., y Murray, T. (2017, julio 1). The Association for University and College Counseling Center Directors. AUCCCD. https://www.aucccd.org/assets/documents/Survey/2018%20aucccd%20survey-public-revised.pdf /*ref*/Levy, P. (1967). The correction for spurious correlation in the evaluation of short-form tests. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 23(1), 84–86. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(196701)23:1<84::AID-JCLP2270230123>3.0.CO;2-2 /*ref*/Lin, Q., Bonkano, O., Wu, K., Liu, Q., Ali Ibrahim, T., y Liu, L. (2021). The Value of Chinese Version GAD-7 and PHQ-9 to Screen Anxiety and Depression in Chinese Outpatients with Atypical Chest Pain. Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management, 17, 423–431. https://doi.org/10.2147/TCRM.S305623 /*ref*/Löwe, B., Wahl, I., Rose, M., Spitzer, C., Glaesmer, H., Wingenfeld, K., Schneider, A., y Brähler, E. (2010). A 4-item measure of depression and anxiety: Validation and standardization of the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) in the general population. Journal of Affective Disorders, 122(1–2), 86–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2009.06.019 /*ref*/McCracken, L. M., Badinlou, F., Buhrman, M., y Brocki, K. C. (2021). The role of psychological flexibility in the context of COVID-19: Associations with depression, anxiety, and insomnia. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 19, 28–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2020.11.003 /*ref*/McDonald, R. P. (1999). Test theory: A unified treatment. Lawrence Erlbaum. /*ref*/Mehmetoglu, M., y Jakobsen, T. G. (2016). Applied Statistics Using Stata: A Guide for the Social Sciences (SAGE, Ed.; íntegra). /*ref*/Merino-Soto, C., Dominguez-Lara, S., y Fernández-Arata, M. (2017). Validación inicial de una Escala Breve de Satisfacción con los Estudios en estudiantes universitarios de Lima. Educación Médica, 18(1), 74–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edumed.2016.06.016 /*ref*/Mills, S. D., Fox, R. S., Malcarne, V. L., Roesch, S. C., Champagne, B. R., y Sadler, G. R. (2014). The psychometric properties of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 Scale in Hispanic Americans with English or Spanish language preference. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 20(3), 463–468. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036523 /*ref*/Moreno, A. L., DeSousa, D. A., Souza, A. M. F. L. P., Manfro, G. G., Salum, G. A., Koller, S. H., Osório, F. L., y Crippa, J. A. S. (2016). Factor Structure, Reliability, and Item Parameters of the Brazilian-Portuguese Version of the GAD-7 Questionnaire. Temas Em Psicologia, 24(1), 367–376. https://doi.org/10.9788/TP2016.1-25 /*ref*/Newman, M. G., Llera, S. J., Erickson, T. M., Przeworski, A., y Castonguay, L. G. (2013). Worry and Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Review and Theoretical Synthesis of Evidence on Nature, Etiology, Mechanisms, and Treatment. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 9(1), 275–297. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185544 /*ref*/Peltzer, K., y Pengpid, S. (2017). Association between tobacco use, depression, and anxiety: A cross-national study among university students from 30 low- and middle-income countries. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 27(6), 483–487. https://doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2017.1347772 /*ref*/Pendergast, L. L., von der Embse, N., Kilgus, S. P., y Eklund, K. R. (2017). Measurement equivalence: A non-technical primer on categorical multi-group confirmatory factor analysis in school psychology. Journal of School Psychology, 60, 65–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2016.11.002 /*ref*/Penninx, B. W., Pine, D. S., Holmes, E. A., y Reif, A. (2021). Anxiety disorders. The Lancet, 397(10277), 914–927. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00359-7 /*ref*/R Core Team (2021). R: A Language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.R-project.org/ /*ref*/Roemer, L., Salters, K., Raffa, S. D., y Orsillo, S. M. (2005). Fear and Avoidance of Internal Experiences in GAD: Preliminary Tests of a Conceptual Model. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 29(1), 71–88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-005-1650-2 /*ref*/Rosseel, Y. (2012). lavaan: An R Package for Structural Equation Modeling. Journal of Statistical Software, 48(2), 1–36. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v048.i02 /*ref*/Ruiz, F. J., Langer Herrera, Á. I., Luciano, C., Cangas, A. J., y Beltrán, I. (2013). Measuring experiential avoidance and psychological infl exibility: The Spanish version of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire - II. Psicothema, 25(1), 123–129. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2011.239 /*ref*/Ruiz, M. A., Zamorano, E., García-Campayo, J., Pardo, A., Freire, O., y Rejas, J. (2011). Validity of the GAD-7 scale as an outcome measure of disability in patients with generalized anxiety disorders in primary care. Journal of Affective Disorders, 128(3), 277–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2010.07.010 /*ref*/Saravia-Bartra, M. M., Cazorla-Saravia, P., y Cedillo-Ramirez, L. (2020). Anxiety level of first-year medical students from a private university in Peru in times of Covid-19. Revista de La Facultad de Medicina Humana, 20(4), 568–573. https://doi.org/10.25176/RFMH.v20i4.3198 /*ref*/Sartorão Filho, C. I., Conte de Las Villas Rodrigues, W., Beauchamp de Castro, R., Aparecida Marçal, Arlete Pavelqueires, S., Takano, L., de Oliveira, W. L., y Sartorão Neto, C. I. (2020). Impact Of Covid-19 Pandemic On Mental Health Of Medical Students: A Cross- Sectional Study Using GAD-7 And PHQ-9 Questionnaires. MedRxiv. https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.24.20138925v1 /*ref*/Seo, J.-G., y Park, S.-P. (2015). Validation of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) and GAD-2 in patients with migraine. The Journal of Headache and Pain, 16(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s10194-015-0583-8 /*ref*/Sierra, J. C., Ortega, V., y Zubeidat, I. (2003). Ansiedad, angustia y estrés: tres conceptos a diferenciar. Revista Mal Estar e Subjetividade, 3(1), 10–59. /*ref*/Sijtsma, K. (2009). On the Use, the Misuse, and the Very Limited Usefulness of Cronbach’s Alpha. Psychometrika, 74(1), 107–120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11336-008-9101-0 /*ref*/Slade, M., Thornicroft, G., y Glover, G. (1999). The feasibility of routine outcome measures in mental health. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 34(5), 243–249. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001270050139 /*ref*/Somers, J. M., Goldner, E. M., Waraich, P., y Hsu, L. (2006). Prevalence and Incidence Studies of Anxiety Disorders: A Systematic Review of the Literature. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 51(2), 100–113. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674370605100206 /*ref*/Soto-Balbuena, C., de La Fe Rodríguez-Muñoz, M., y Le, H. N. (2021). Validation of the generalized anxiety disorder screener (GAD-7) in Spanish pregnant women. Psicothema, 33(1), 164–170. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2020.167 /*ref*/Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B. W., y Löwe, B. (2006). A Brief Measure for Assessing Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166(10), 1092–1097. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092 /*ref*/Stein, A. T., Medina, J. L., Rosenfield, D., Otto, M. W., y Smits, J. A. J. (2020). Examining experiential avoidance as a mediator of the relation between anxiety sensitivity and depressive symptoms. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 49(1), 41–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2018.1546768 /*ref*/Ströhle, A., Gensichen, J., y Domschke, K. (2018). The Diagnosis and Treatment of Anxiety Disorders. Deutsches Ärzteblatt International, 155(37), 611–620. https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.2018.0611 /*ref*/Vila, J. (1984). Técnicas de reducción de ansiedad. En J. Mayor y F. J. Labrador (Eds.), Manual de Modificación de conducta (pp. 229–264). Alhambra. /*ref*/Vitasari, P., Wahab, M. N. A., Othman, A., Herawan, T., y Sinnadurai, S. K. (2010). The Relationship between Study Anxiety and Academic Performance among Engineering Students. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 8, 490–497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.12.067 /*ref*/Webb, E., Ashton, C., Kelly, P., y Kamali, F. (1996). Alcohol and drug use in UK university students. The Lancet, 348(9032), 922–925. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(96)03410-1 /*ref*/Yasin, A. S., y Dzulkifli, M. A. (2011). Differences in depression, anxiety and stress between low-and high-achieving students. Journal of Sustainability Science and Management, 6(1), 169–178. /*ref*/Zhong, Q.-Y., Gelaye, B., Zaslavsky, A. M., Fann, J. R., Rondon, M. B., Sánchez, S. E., y Williams, M. A. (2015). Diagnostic Validity of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder - 7 (GAD-7) among Pregnant Women. PLOS ONE, 10(4), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0125096 |
| dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv |
Derechos de autor 2022 Propósitos y Representaciones http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
| rights_invalid_str_mv |
Derechos de autor 2022 Propósitos y Representaciones http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 |
| eu_rights_str_mv |
openAccess |
| dc.format.none.fl_str_mv |
application/pdf application/pdf text/xml |
| dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv |
Carrera de Psicología, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima, Perú. |
| publisher.none.fl_str_mv |
Carrera de Psicología, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima, Perú. |
| dc.source.none.fl_str_mv |
Propósitos y Representaciones. Journal of Educational Psychology; Vol. 10 No. 1 (2022): January - April; e1437 Propósitos y Representaciones; ##issue.vol## 10 ##issue.no## 1 (2022): Enero - Abril; e1437 Propósitos y Representaciones; Vol. 10 Núm. 1 (2022): Enero - Abril; e1437 2310-4635 2307-7999 10.20511/10.20511/pyr2022.v10n1 reponame:Revistas - Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola instname:Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola instacron:USIL |
| instname_str |
Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola |
| instacron_str |
USIL |
| institution |
USIL |
| reponame_str |
Revistas - Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola |
| collection |
Revistas - Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola |
| repository.name.fl_str_mv |
|
| repository.mail.fl_str_mv |
|
| _version_ |
1794602303861293056 |
| spelling |
Psychometric Properties of the GAD-7, GAD-2, and GAD-Mini in Peruvian College StudentsPropiedades psicométricas del GAD-7, GAD-2 y GAD-Mini en universitarios peruanosFranco-Jimenez, Rulman AndreiNuñez-Magallanes, AmandaGeneral Anxiety Disorder-7AnsiedadAnálisis factorialEstudiantes universitariosGeneral Anxiety Disorder-7AnxietyFactor analysisUniversity studentsThe psychometric properties of the General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) and its ultra-short versions, the GAD-2 and the GAD-Mini, were evaluated in a sample of 407 students from two Peruvian universities (259 females and 148 males). First, a structural analysis was performed using the CFA, showing a good fit with respect to the instrument's unifactorial model χ²(14) = 31.717, CFI = .995, TLI = .992, RMSEA = .056, SRMR = .026. In addition, a measurement invariance analysis was performed, finding a stable unifactorial structure considering sex. Furthermore, evidence of convergent validity was analyzed in the GAD-7 and its ultra-short versions, presenting moderate correlations with instruments such as the PHQ-2 and the AAQ-II. The internal consistency of the instruments was evaluated using the omega coefficient and obtained high values of .89, .80, and .79 in the GAD-7, GAD-2, and GAD-Mini respectively. Therefore, it is concluded that the GAD-7 is a unifactorial instrument, invariant according to sex, with adequate internal consistency and convergent validity as well as its ultra-short versions in the sample studied.Se evaluó las propiedades psicométricas del General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) y la de sus versiones ultracortas el GAD-2 y el GAD-Mini en una muestra conformada por 407 estudiantes de dos universidades peruanas (259 mujeres y 148 varones). Inicialmente se realizó el análisis estructural mediante el AFC mostrándose un buen ajuste respecto al modelo unifactorial del instrumento χ²(14) = 31.717, CFI = .995, TLI = .992, RMSEA = .056, SRMR = .026. Adicionalmente se efectuó un análisis de invarianza de la medición encontrándose una estructura unifactorial estable considerando el sexo. Además, se analizaron evidencias de validez convergente en el GAD-7 y sus versiones ultracortas presentando correlaciones moderadas con instrumentos como el PHQ-2 y el AAQ-II. La consistencia interna de los instrumentos fue evaluada mediante el coeficiente omega y obtuvieron valores altos de .89, .80 y .79 en el GAD-7, GAD-2 y GAD-Mini respectivamente. Por ello, se concluye que el GAD-7 es un instrumento unifactorial, invariante de acuerdo con el sexo, presenta adecuada consistencia interna y validez convergente al igual que sus versiones ultracortas en la muestra estudiada.Carrera de Psicología, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima, Perú.2022-04-22info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionapplication/pdfapplication/pdftext/xmlhttps://revistas.usil.edu.pe/index.php/pyr/article/view/143710.20511/pyr2022.v10n1.1437Propósitos y Representaciones. Journal of Educational Psychology; Vol. 10 No. 1 (2022): January - April; e1437Propósitos y Representaciones; ##issue.vol## 10 ##issue.no## 1 (2022): Enero - Abril; e1437Propósitos y Representaciones; Vol. 10 Núm. 1 (2022): Enero - Abril; e14372310-46352307-799910.20511/10.20511/pyr2022.v10n1reponame:Revistas - Universidad San Ignacio de Loyolainstname:Universidad San Ignacio de Loyolainstacron:USILspaenghttps://revistas.usil.edu.pe/index.php/pyr/article/view/1437/1635https://revistas.usil.edu.pe/index.php/pyr/article/view/1437/1731https://revistas.usil.edu.pe/index.php/pyr/article/view/1437/1724/*ref*/Ahn, J.-K., Kim, Y., y Choi, K.H. (2019). The Psychometric Properties and Clinical Utility of the Korean Version of GAD-7 and GAD-2. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10, 127. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00127/*ref*/Ato, M., López-García, J. J., y Benavente, A. (2013). Un sistema de clasificación de los diseños de investigación en psicología. Anales de Psicología, 29(3), 1038–1059. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.29.3.178511/*ref*/Auerbach, R. P., Alonso, J., Axinn, W. G., Cuijpers, P., Ebert, D. D., Green, J. G., Hwang, I., Kessler, R. C., Liu, H., Mortier, P., Nock, M. K., Pinder-Amaker, S., Sampson, N. A., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Al-Hamzawi, A., Andrade, L. H., Benjet, C., Caldas-de-Almeida, J. M., Demyttenaere, K., … Bruffaerts, R. (2016). Mental disorders among college students in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. Psychological Medicine, 46(14), 2955–2970. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291716001665/*ref*/Barrera-Barrera, R., Navarro-García, A., y Peris-Ortiz, M. (2015). El papel de la invarianza factorial en la validación del constructo calidad de servicio electrónico. Revista Europea de Dirección y Economía de La Empresa, 24(1), 13–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redee.2014.07.001/*ref*/Bártolo, A., Monteiro, S., y Pereira, A. (2017). Factor structure and construct validity of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7) among Portuguese college students. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 33(9), e00212716. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x00212716/*ref*/Berghoff, C. R., Tull, M. T., DiLillo, D., Messman-Moore, T., y Gratz, K. L. (2017). The role of experiential avoidance in the relation between anxiety disorder diagnoses and future physical health symptoms in a community sample of young adult women. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 6(1), 29–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2016.11.002/*ref*/Boehm, M. A., Lei, Q. M., Lloyd, R. M., y Prichard, J. R. (2016). Depression, anxiety, and tobacco use: Overlapping impediments to sleep in a national sample of college students. Journal of American College Health, 64(7), 565–574. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2016.1205073/*ref*/Borgogna, N. C., Brenner, R. E., y McDermott, R. C. (2021). Sexuality and gender invariance of the PHQ-9 and GAD-7: Implications for 16 identity groups. Journal of Affective Disorders, 278, 122–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.09.069/*ref*/Byrd-Bredbenner, C., Eck, K., y Quick, V. (2020). Psychometric Properties of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-Mini in United States University Students. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 2512. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.550533/*ref*/Byrne, B. M. (2008). Testing for multigroup equivalence of a measuring instrument: A walk through the process. Psicothema, 20(4), 872–882./*ref*/Camargo, L., Herrera-Pino, J., Shelach, S., Soto-Añari, M., Porto, M. F., Alonso, M., González, M., Contreras, O., Caldichoury, N., Ramos-Henderson, M., Gargiulo, P., y López, N. (2021). Escala de ansiedad generalizada GAD-7 en profesionales médicos colombianos durante pandemia de COVID-19: validez de constructo y confiabilidad. Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría. Publicación anticipada en línea https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcp.2021.06.003/*ref*/Cao, W., Fang, Z., Hou, G., Han, M., Xu, X., Dong, J., y Zheng, J. (2020). The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Research, 287, 112934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934/*ref*/Caycho-Rodríguez, T., Barboza-Palomino, M., Ventura-León, J., Carbajal-León, C., Noé-Grijalva, M., Gallegos, M., Reyes-Bossio, M., y Vivanco-Vidal, A. (2020). Traducción al español y validación de una medida breve de ansiedad por la COVID-19 en estudiantes de ciencias de la salud. Ansiedad y Estrés, 26(2–3), 174–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anyes.2020.08.001/*ref*/Cheung, G. W., y Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating Goodness-of-Fit Indexes for Testing Measurement Invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 9(2), 233–255. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5/*ref*/Cho, E. (2016). Making Reliability Reliable. Organizational Research Methods, 19(4), 651–682. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428116656239/*ref*/Clark, D. A., Steer, R. A., y Beck, A. T. (1994). Common and specific dimensions of self-reported anxiety and depression: Implications for the cognitive and tripartite models. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103(4), 645–654. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.103.4.645/*ref*/Conway, K. P., Compton, W., Stinson, F. S., y Grant, B. F. (2006). Lifetime Comorbidity of DSM-IV Mood and Anxiety Disorders and Specific Drug Use Disorders. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 67(02), 247–258. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.v67n0211/*ref*/Delgadillo, J., Payne, S., Gilbody, S., Godfrey, C., Gore, S., Jessop, D., y Dale, V. (2012). Brief case finding tools for anxiety disorders: Validation of GAD-7 and GAD-2 in addictions treatment. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 125(1–2), 37–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.03.011/*ref*/Dixon, S. K., y Kurpius, S. E. R. (2008). Depression and College Stress Among University Undergraduates: Do Mattering and Self-Esteem Make a Difference? Journal of College Student Development, 49(5), 412–424. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.0.0024 Donker, T., van Straten, A., Marks, I., y Cuijpers, P. (2011). Quick and easy self-rating of Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Validity of the Dutch web-based GAD-7, GAD-2 and GAD-SI. Psychiatry Research, 188(1), 58–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2011.01.016/*ref*/Esser, P., Hartung, T. J., Friedrich, M., Johansen, C., Wittchen, H.-U., Faller, H., Koch, U., Härter, M., Keller, M., Schulz, H., Wegscheider, K., Weis, J., y Mehnert, A. (2018). The Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener (GAD-7) and the anxiety module of the Hospital and Depression Scale (HADS-A) as screening tools for generalized anxiety disorder among cancer patients. Psycho-Oncology, 27(6), 1509–1516. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.4681/*ref*/García-Campayo, J., Zamorano, E., Ruíz, M. A., Pardo, A., Freire, O., Pérez-Páramo, M., López-Gómez, V., y Rejas, J. (2009). Cultural Adaptation into Spanish of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale - 7 (GAD-7) Scale. European Psychiatry, 24(S1), 1–1. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-9338(09)70771-0/*ref*/Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K., Wilson, K. G., Bissett, R. T., Pistorello, J., Toarmino, D., Polusny, M. A., Dykstra, T. A., Batten, S. v., Bergan, J., Stewart, S. H., Zvolensky, M. J., Eifert, G. H., Bond, F. W., Forsyth, J. P., Karekla, M., y McCurry, S. M. (2004). Measuring experiential avoidance: A preliminary test of a working model. The Psychological Record, 54(4), 553–578. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03395492/*ref*/Hinz, A., Klein, A. M., Brähler, E., Glaesmer, H., Luck, T., Riedel-Heller, S. G., Wirkner, K., y Hilbert, A. (2017). Psychometric evaluation of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener GAD-7, based on a large German general population sample. Journal of Affective Disorders, 210, 338–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.12.012/*ref*/Hofmann, S. G., y Hinton, D. E. (2014). Cross-Cultural Aspects of Anxiety Disorders. Current Psychiatry Reports, 16(6), 450. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-014-0450-3/*ref*/Hu, L., y Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118/*ref*/Hughes, A. J., Dunn, K. M., Chaffee, T., Bhattarai, J. (Jackie), y Beier, M. (2018). Diagnostic and Clinical Utility of the GAD-2 for Screening Anxiety Symptoms in Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 99(10), 2045–2049. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2018.05.029/*ref*/Jordan, P., Shedden-Mora, M. C., y Löwe, B. (2017). Psychometric analysis of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7) in primary care using modern item response theory. PLOS ONE, 12(8), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0182162/*ref*/Kerlinger, F. N., y Lee, H. B. (2002). Investigación del Comportamiento: Métodos de Investigación en Ciencias Sociales. McGraw-Hill Interamericana./*ref*/Konkan, R., Şenormanci, Ö., Güçlü, O., Aydin, E., y Z. Sungur, M. (2013). Yaygın Anksiyete Bozukluğu-7 (YAB-7) Testi Türkçe Uyarlaması, Geçerlik ve Güvenirliği. Nöro Psikiyatri Arşivi, 50(1), 53–58. https://doi.org/10.4274/npa.y6308/*ref*/Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., y Williams, J. B. W. (2003). The Patient Health Questionnaire-2. Medical Care, 41(11), 1284–1292. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.MLR.0000093487.78664.3C/*ref*/Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. W., Monahan, P. O., y Löwe, B. (2007). Anxiety Disorders in Primary Care: Prevalence, Impairment, Comorbidity, and Detection. Annals of Internal Medicine, 146(5), 317-325. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-146-5-200703060-00004/*ref*/Kumaraswamy, N. (2013). International Review of Social Sciences and Humanities Academic Stress, Anxiety and Depression among College Students-A Brief Review. International Review of Social Sciences and Humanities, 5(1), 135–143. https://tinyurl.com/5e8a5n6m/*ref*/LeViness, P., Bershad, C., Gorman, K., Braun, L., y Murray, T. (2017, julio 1). The Association for University and College Counseling Center Directors. AUCCCD. https://www.aucccd.org/assets/documents/Survey/2018%20aucccd%20survey-public-revised.pdf/*ref*/Levy, P. (1967). The correction for spurious correlation in the evaluation of short-form tests. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 23(1), 84–86. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(196701)23:1<84::AID-JCLP2270230123>3.0.CO;2-2/*ref*/Lin, Q., Bonkano, O., Wu, K., Liu, Q., Ali Ibrahim, T., y Liu, L. (2021). The Value of Chinese Version GAD-7 and PHQ-9 to Screen Anxiety and Depression in Chinese Outpatients with Atypical Chest Pain. Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management, 17, 423–431. https://doi.org/10.2147/TCRM.S305623/*ref*/Löwe, B., Wahl, I., Rose, M., Spitzer, C., Glaesmer, H., Wingenfeld, K., Schneider, A., y Brähler, E. (2010). A 4-item measure of depression and anxiety: Validation and standardization of the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) in the general population. Journal of Affective Disorders, 122(1–2), 86–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2009.06.019/*ref*/McCracken, L. M., Badinlou, F., Buhrman, M., y Brocki, K. C. (2021). The role of psychological flexibility in the context of COVID-19: Associations with depression, anxiety, and insomnia. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 19, 28–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2020.11.003/*ref*/McDonald, R. P. (1999). Test theory: A unified treatment. Lawrence Erlbaum./*ref*/Mehmetoglu, M., y Jakobsen, T. G. (2016). Applied Statistics Using Stata: A Guide for the Social Sciences (SAGE, Ed.; íntegra)./*ref*/Merino-Soto, C., Dominguez-Lara, S., y Fernández-Arata, M. (2017). Validación inicial de una Escala Breve de Satisfacción con los Estudios en estudiantes universitarios de Lima. Educación Médica, 18(1), 74–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edumed.2016.06.016/*ref*/Mills, S. D., Fox, R. S., Malcarne, V. L., Roesch, S. C., Champagne, B. R., y Sadler, G. R. (2014). The psychometric properties of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 Scale in Hispanic Americans with English or Spanish language preference. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 20(3), 463–468. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036523/*ref*/Moreno, A. L., DeSousa, D. A., Souza, A. M. F. L. P., Manfro, G. G., Salum, G. A., Koller, S. H., Osório, F. L., y Crippa, J. A. S. (2016). Factor Structure, Reliability, and Item Parameters of the Brazilian-Portuguese Version of the GAD-7 Questionnaire. Temas Em Psicologia, 24(1), 367–376. https://doi.org/10.9788/TP2016.1-25/*ref*/Newman, M. G., Llera, S. J., Erickson, T. M., Przeworski, A., y Castonguay, L. G. (2013). Worry and Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Review and Theoretical Synthesis of Evidence on Nature, Etiology, Mechanisms, and Treatment. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 9(1), 275–297. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185544/*ref*/Peltzer, K., y Pengpid, S. (2017). Association between tobacco use, depression, and anxiety: A cross-national study among university students from 30 low- and middle-income countries. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 27(6), 483–487. https://doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2017.1347772/*ref*/Pendergast, L. L., von der Embse, N., Kilgus, S. P., y Eklund, K. R. (2017). Measurement equivalence: A non-technical primer on categorical multi-group confirmatory factor analysis in school psychology. Journal of School Psychology, 60, 65–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2016.11.002/*ref*/Penninx, B. W., Pine, D. S., Holmes, E. A., y Reif, A. (2021). Anxiety disorders. The Lancet, 397(10277), 914–927. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00359-7/*ref*/R Core Team (2021). R: A Language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.R-project.org//*ref*/Roemer, L., Salters, K., Raffa, S. D., y Orsillo, S. M. (2005). Fear and Avoidance of Internal Experiences in GAD: Preliminary Tests of a Conceptual Model. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 29(1), 71–88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-005-1650-2/*ref*/Rosseel, Y. (2012). lavaan: An R Package for Structural Equation Modeling. Journal of Statistical Software, 48(2), 1–36. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v048.i02/*ref*/Ruiz, F. J., Langer Herrera, Á. I., Luciano, C., Cangas, A. J., y Beltrán, I. (2013). Measuring experiential avoidance and psychological infl exibility: The Spanish version of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire - II. Psicothema, 25(1), 123–129. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2011.239/*ref*/Ruiz, M. A., Zamorano, E., García-Campayo, J., Pardo, A., Freire, O., y Rejas, J. (2011). Validity of the GAD-7 scale as an outcome measure of disability in patients with generalized anxiety disorders in primary care. Journal of Affective Disorders, 128(3), 277–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2010.07.010/*ref*/Saravia-Bartra, M. M., Cazorla-Saravia, P., y Cedillo-Ramirez, L. (2020). Anxiety level of first-year medical students from a private university in Peru in times of Covid-19. Revista de La Facultad de Medicina Humana, 20(4), 568–573. https://doi.org/10.25176/RFMH.v20i4.3198/*ref*/Sartorão Filho, C. I., Conte de Las Villas Rodrigues, W., Beauchamp de Castro, R., Aparecida Marçal, Arlete Pavelqueires, S., Takano, L., de Oliveira, W. L., y Sartorão Neto, C. I. (2020). Impact Of Covid-19 Pandemic On Mental Health Of Medical Students: A Cross- Sectional Study Using GAD-7 And PHQ-9 Questionnaires. MedRxiv. https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.24.20138925v1/*ref*/Seo, J.-G., y Park, S.-P. (2015). Validation of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) and GAD-2 in patients with migraine. The Journal of Headache and Pain, 16(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s10194-015-0583-8/*ref*/Sierra, J. C., Ortega, V., y Zubeidat, I. (2003). Ansiedad, angustia y estrés: tres conceptos a diferenciar. Revista Mal Estar e Subjetividade, 3(1), 10–59./*ref*/Sijtsma, K. (2009). On the Use, the Misuse, and the Very Limited Usefulness of Cronbach’s Alpha. Psychometrika, 74(1), 107–120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11336-008-9101-0/*ref*/Slade, M., Thornicroft, G., y Glover, G. (1999). The feasibility of routine outcome measures in mental health. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 34(5), 243–249. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001270050139/*ref*/Somers, J. M., Goldner, E. M., Waraich, P., y Hsu, L. (2006). Prevalence and Incidence Studies of Anxiety Disorders: A Systematic Review of the Literature. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 51(2), 100–113. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674370605100206/*ref*/Soto-Balbuena, C., de La Fe Rodríguez-Muñoz, M., y Le, H. N. (2021). Validation of the generalized anxiety disorder screener (GAD-7) in Spanish pregnant women. Psicothema, 33(1), 164–170. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2020.167/*ref*/Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B. W., y Löwe, B. (2006). A Brief Measure for Assessing Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166(10), 1092–1097. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092/*ref*/Stein, A. T., Medina, J. L., Rosenfield, D., Otto, M. W., y Smits, J. A. J. (2020). Examining experiential avoidance as a mediator of the relation between anxiety sensitivity and depressive symptoms. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 49(1), 41–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2018.1546768/*ref*/Ströhle, A., Gensichen, J., y Domschke, K. (2018). The Diagnosis and Treatment of Anxiety Disorders. Deutsches Ärzteblatt International, 155(37), 611–620. https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.2018.0611/*ref*/Vila, J. (1984). Técnicas de reducción de ansiedad. En J. Mayor y F. J. Labrador (Eds.), Manual de Modificación de conducta (pp. 229–264). Alhambra./*ref*/Vitasari, P., Wahab, M. N. A., Othman, A., Herawan, T., y Sinnadurai, S. K. (2010). The Relationship between Study Anxiety and Academic Performance among Engineering Students. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 8, 490–497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.12.067/*ref*/Webb, E., Ashton, C., Kelly, P., y Kamali, F. (1996). Alcohol and drug use in UK university students. The Lancet, 348(9032), 922–925. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(96)03410-1/*ref*/Yasin, A. S., y Dzulkifli, M. A. (2011). Differences in depression, anxiety and stress between low-and high-achieving students. Journal of Sustainability Science and Management, 6(1), 169–178./*ref*/Zhong, Q.-Y., Gelaye, B., Zaslavsky, A. M., Fann, J. R., Rondon, M. B., Sánchez, S. E., y Williams, M. A. (2015). Diagnostic Validity of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder - 7 (GAD-7) among Pregnant Women. PLOS ONE, 10(4), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0125096Derechos de autor 2022 Propósitos y Representacioneshttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:revistas.usil.edu.pe:article/14372024-03-13T17:02:31Z |
| score |
13.8938055 |
Nota importante:
La información contenida en este registro es de entera responsabilidad de la institución que gestiona el repositorio institucional donde esta contenido este documento o set de datos. El CONCYTEC no se hace responsable por los contenidos (publicaciones y/o datos) accesibles a través del Repositorio Nacional Digital de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación de Acceso Abierto (ALICIA).
La información contenida en este registro es de entera responsabilidad de la institución que gestiona el repositorio institucional donde esta contenido este documento o set de datos. El CONCYTEC no se hace responsable por los contenidos (publicaciones y/o datos) accesibles a través del Repositorio Nacional Digital de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación de Acceso Abierto (ALICIA).
