The present investigation was carried out in the Chonta River, located in the province of Cajamarca, department of Cajamarca-Peru. The work was based on the application of three environmental evaluation techniques that consisted of the determination of heavy metals in sediments, the realization of the Survival Test with Eisenia fetida earthworms and the application of the CERA protocol with macroinvertebrates, with the objective of evaluating the ecological status of the Chonta River in the upper a nd middle parts of the river. To meet this objective, five monitoring stations were established, four control stations (M-1, M-3, M-4, M-5) and one reference station (M-2). In mention, Station M1 sho ws impacts from mining activity. The metals analyzed in sediments were: As, Cd, Pb, Hg, Ni, Zn, Cu and Cr whose results were compared with the threshold values established with the Canadian sedime...

La presente investigación se realizó en la zona arqueológica Kuntur Wasi, ubicado en el Centro Poblado Kuntur Wasi, provincia San Pablo, departamento de Cajamarca - Perú. El trabajo se basó en la aplicación de la técnica del registro de especies por detección directa, esta técnica debe de ser entendida como una evaluación limitada o estandarizada por tiempo de búsqueda; en la elaboración de un inventario de flora y fauna, se consideró reconocer las diferentes especies presentes en la zona, para la identificación de las especies de flora se tiene que tener en cuenta las formaciones de vegetales existentes y también inventariar las especies ya reconocidas, se tomó en cuenta realizar un mapa de vegetación para así trabajar con la base topográfica, para proceder a realizar el trabajo de campo donde se identifica las especies en el terreno y se realizó un herbario que inte...

Forest fires affect the soil with respect to its physical, chemical and biological properties; mainly showing intense degradation, as well as the modification of the concentration values of the essential components for the fertility and productivity of the resource, especially total nitrogen (NT), organic carbon (CO) and the carbon/nitrogen ratio (C/N). The present meta-analysis aimed to analyze the effect of forest fires on the C/N ratio of the soil. In the meta-analysis, 5 areas affected by forest fires were studied: Huacraruco (2018), El Cañón de Sangal (2018) and La Sierra de Cazorla (2005, 2007 and 2008 respectively) with a sampling range of no more than 8 months. The Kjeldahl and Walkley and Black methods were taken into account to determine NT and CO respectively, from organic matter. Significant increases in NT and CO were observed, as well as a non-significant decrease in the ...

The present investigation was carried out in the Cañoncillo lagoon located in the district of San Pedro de Lloc, province of Pacasmayo, department of La Libertad. The objective of the research was to evaluate the eutrophication level of the Cañoncillo lagoon. To achieve this objective, five sampling points were identified along the water body, where in situ parameters such as pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity and water transparency were measured. In addition, two samples were collected from each point at different depths (1 m and 3 m) using a hydrographic bottle. Nitrates and phosphates were analyzed from each sample by the colorimetric method and chlorophyll-a by the trichromatic method. Two indices were then applied to determine the level of eutrophication of the lagoon: the Nutrient Eutrophication Index (EI) of Karydis et al. and the Trophic State Index (TSI...

The general objective of this research was to determine water quality through physicochemical and sediment analysis. Also, to evaluate the benthic macroinvertebrate community through biotic indices (EPT, BMWP/Bol, BMWP/Col, ABI and CERA) in the Perlamayo and Tacamache rivers. Seven monitoring points were established according to the degree of intervention by anthropogenic activity. During the months of February (rainy season) and July (dry season), the results of the physicochemical variables were compared to Peruvian Environmental Quality Standards. According to Supreme Decree No. 004-20017-MIMAN, and Sediments compared to the Canadian ECA TEL (Threshold Effect Level). To study the relationship between macroinvertebrate communities and environmental variables. An statistical analysis was carried out to determine which pressures most affect the benthic community, using a simple regressio...

This research work is carried out in the Centro Poblado El Salitre, district of Tantarica, province of Contumazá department of Cajamarca- Peru. The research derives from a thesis work of the National University of Cajamarca, with the data that were obtained from the mining canon project "Obtaining seed by induced reproduction of Trichomycterus punctulatus Valenciennes 1846 (Life), and intensive cultivation in the Jequetepeque valley, Cajamarca, Peru". The work is based on determining the correlation of the physicochemical parameters of pond water during the sexual maturity of T. punctulatus. In which all the data of interest for the research work that were obtained from the database of the mining canon project were recorded. Obtaining as results that between the months of October 2020 to April 2021, 99 specimens of T. punctulatus, life had been sampled, of which 77 were females and 22 m...

It is a fact that microbiological air pollution is a serious problem for the world and increases year after year, which is why the objective was to analyze the microbiological quality of air associated with pollution where fungi and bacteria are present in the city of Cajamarca in the months of January and February, the data presented below determine that the microbiological quality is intermediate with an average of 412 CFU/m3. The monitoring area with the highest presence of microorganisms was point A. On the other hand, it was determined that the microbial concentrations were 412 CFU/m3 during the night, but point A recorded a higher presence with a high level of 906 CFU/m3. However, in Cajamarca fungal contamination was low with 75 CFU/m3 and bacterial contamination was moderate with 337 CFU/m3, identifying bacteria as: Staphylocacus Aureus, Staphylococcus Sp, Bacillus Subtilis, Stre...

We determined the species of wild herbaceous flora with phytoremediation capacity in the area of Sinchao mining liabilities, located in the district of Chugur, Province of Hualgayoc, where we conducted the analysis of the concentration of metals in the species Calamagrostis tarmensis, Paspalum bonplandianum, Carex pichinchensis, Lachemilla orbiculata and Juncus conglomeratus selected for their high importance in the area, Lachemilla orbiculata and Juncus conglomeratus, selected for their high importance in the area. Subsequently, the Translocation Factor and Bioconcentration Factor were calculated, which indicated whether the plant is a phytostabilizer or phytoextractor of aluminum, arsenic, lead, chromium, copper, cadmium, magnesium, manganese, zinc, strontium, antimony, thallium, iron, mercury, nickel and tin. The research identified that the species Paspalum bonplandianum accumulates ...

The current inefficiency and water quality, in addition to the degradation of aquatic ecosystems led to the publication in 2017 of the Resolution of the Board of Directors No. 027-2019-SUNASS-CD (modifying the R.C.D. N°045-2017-SUNASS-CD) that establishes the Mechanisms of Remuneration for Ecosystem Water Services in Peru, in order to find solutions. The purpose of the work is to propose sustainable mechanisms and evaluate their possible implementation in the San Lucas river - Cajamarca which in its course supplies drinking water to 30% of the population. To achieve this, the Guide for the "Base Water Diagnosis" Applied to Sanitation Service Providers in Peru was applied, making a baseline of the river. As a result, the river was found to be potentially erosive and slightly steep, with frequent rainy seasons between January and April, and its main land use is agriculture. In order to ev...

A study was carried out to identify herbaceous flora with greater importance value and evaluate its potential capacity of phytoremediation in mining-contaminated soils. The study analyzed three soil samples, two root samples, two stem samples of each species of higher importance value in an area of eighty square meters. Therefore, the bioconcentration factor (BCF) was calculated for the root of the species Paspalum tuberosum, which is silver accumulator and is excluding arsenic, copper, lead, antimony, zinc, aluminum, and iron. The Pennisetum clandestinium is a silver accumulator and is exclusive of arsenic, copper, lead, antimony, aluminum, and iron. The Trifolium repens showed a BCF in the root that excludes all metals. The concentration of heavy metals in the aerial part of the Paspalum tuberosum, Pennisetum clandestinium, and Trifolium repens, presented an area (BCF) excluding all me...

Peru is one of the megadiverse countries worldwide, displaying a great diversity of ecosystems due to its tropical location, marine currents, and complex relief, which jointly define environments differentiated by altitude and climatic conditions. The arid and semi-arid ecosystems comprising xeric and Andean shrublands, coastal deserts, and coastal hills, illustrate this diversity of ecosystems; these stretch over 177 358km2, representing 13.8% of the Peruvian territory. Several studies on aquatic macroinvertebrates are being conducted in these ecosystems; although not so numerous yet, have shown a rise in recent years. The objective of this work was to determine the composition and distribution of aquatic macroinvertebrates in the arid and semi-arid ecosystems of Peru. To this end, we conducted a literature survey; the articles and theses found were reviewed and analyzed. The following ...

In the Anthropocene, man has imposed his activities above the natural processes of ecosystems. Rivers have undergone major changes associated with urban centers, so monitoring them is important to determine their status and suitability to provide environmental services. Studies applying the community ecology approach, such as energy flow in aquatic macroinvertebrate assemblages, may be appropriate to determine their status and functioning. This study characterized an Andean river that runs across the city of Ayacucho (Peru). Water physicochemical parameters and biotic quality indices were used and compared with the abundance of trophic guild components and functional feeding groups to demonstrate that the latter are at least equally suitable to estimate water quality. The river section studied ranged from 2640 to 2900 m a.s.l. and was monitored in the wet and dry seasons. Six monitoring ...

The Cajamarca region has a large number of mining environmental liabilities; one of them is the former mining company Aurora - Patricia, which operated in the small town of Polloc. Since 1985 its operations have been stopped. Based on this, we determined the phytoextraction capacity of 13 heavy metals in three herbaceous species that grow in this place with the highest rate of importance value. To do this, we applied the stratified random sampling and square meter methods, where it was possible to identify 42 herbaceous species in 10 plots, of which Equisetum bogotense, Muehlenbeckia tamnifolia and Carex mandoniana were chosen. The concentration of heavy metals was analyzed from both contaminated (environmental liability) and non-contaminated (around the liability) soils of La Encañada district, as well as in herbaceous species to compare them. The highest correlation between variables ...

Eutrophication is a global problem that has been progressively destroying aquatic ecosystems; due to this, it was decided to evaluate and analyze one of the most representative lakes in the region: The San Nicolas lake, which is located in Namora district, province and department of Cajamarca in the north of Peru. The purpose of this study was the determination of the trophic state of this lake through the quantification of chlorophyll a, nitrates, phosphates, and transparency. Six sampling stations were determined; from them, samples were taken at 0 m, 1.5 m, and 3 m depth with a Van Dorn hydrographic bottle, and the parameters were analyzed in-situ, also including transparency with a Secchi Disc. After analyzing the samples, were determined: The Trophic State Index (TSI) of Carlson, modified by Aizaki et al., resulted in a TSI = 64.72 (eutrophic) for chlorophyll a and a TSI = 66.55 (eu...

Aim: We studied the distribution of freshwater macroinvertebrate taxa and traits to distinguish ecological gradients among the mining- controlled and natural headwaters, and rural and urban economic activity influences. Location: In 2016’s dry season, macroinvertebrate samples were collected at 40 loca tions in the Mashcon watershed, northern Peruvian Andes. Six locations were in the headwaters directly influenced by mining, eight near- pristine tributary headwaters, 14 agricultural locations at midstream and 12 urban locations downstream. Methods: Eight traits (five biological and three ecological) were selected according to data availability, and modalities scores were assigned using the weighted and the dominant- trait approaches. The traits relative abundances and abiotic conditions were compared among watershed sections. The ecological interpretability of the un grouped data was v...

Water quality assessments provide essential information for protecting aquatic habitats and stakeholders downstream of mining sites. Moreover, mining companies must comply with environmental quality standards and include public participation in water quality monitoring (WQM) practices. However, overarching challenges beyond corporate environmental responsibility are the scientific soundness, political relevance and harmonization of WQM practices. In this study, a mountainous watershed supporting large-scale gold mining in the headwaters, besides urban and agricultural landuses at lower altitudes, is assessed in the dry season. Conventional physicochemical and biological (Biological MonitoringWater Party-Colombia index) freshwater quality parameters were evaluated, including hydromorphological and land-use characteristics. According to the indicators used, water quality deterioration by m...